THE PENNSYLVANIAN PERIOD 177 



though not in abundance. Their common associations with land 

 and fresh-water plants and animals clearly proves many at least 

 to have been fresh-water dwellers. 



Myriapods were plentiful. 



Insects. — As would be expected in accordance with the 

 abundant and favorable plant environment, the Insects showed 

 a notable development. Hundreds of species are known from 

 the Coal Measures of America alone. Nearly all were of simple 

 types belonging to the Orthopters and Neuropters, which orders 



Fig. 107 

 A Pennsylvanian Insect, Corydaloides scudderi (Brongniart) . 

 This Insect had a spread of wing of 18 inches. (From Le 

 Conte's "Geology," permission of D. Appleton and Company.) 



are represented by modern Grasshoppers, Cockroaches, Caddis- 

 flies, etc. Somewhat higher types may possibly have been present, 

 but the highest Insects, such as Butterflies, Bees, Ants, etc., are 

 not known to have existed. Two other noteworthy facts regarding 

 Pennsylvanian Insects are: (1) Their great size, some having had 

 a spread of wing of from 1 to 2| feet (Fig. 107) ; and (2) the exist- 

 ence of three pairs of wings on some species. 



Vertebrates. — Fishes continued much the same as in the 

 Mississippian and they require no special mention here. 



Amphibians for the first time left abundant records in the 

 Pennsylvanian rocks, and they merit special discussion here. This 

 was probably the culminating period of the Amphibians, and from 



