THE PERMIAN PERIOD 



189 



Furthermore, the plain inference from the close association of 

 certain of these glacial deposits with marine strata is that glaciers 

 near the equator came down near or actually to sea-level. 



Fig. 114 

 Sketch map showing the relations of land and water in Europe during 

 later Permian time. The lighter shading represents chiefly lagoon areas, 

 while the heavier shading shows areas of marine water. (After De Lap- 

 parent, from Chamberlin and Salisbury's " Geology," courtesy of Henry 

 Holt and Company.) 



In some countries, as South Africa, Brazil, and Australia, coal 

 beds also occur within the Permian. 



Climate 



From the above descriptions it is evident that the Permian 

 presents a remarkable combination of climatic conditions, includ- 

 ing extensive glaciation, widespread aridity, and conditions 

 favorable for prolific growth of coal-forming plants, all in a single 



