306 



HISTORICAL GEOLOGY 



During Eocene time also the island region along the eastern 

 coast of Asia was largely submerged as well as the eastern coasts 

 of Australia and South America (in Argentina and Brazil) . Land 

 seems to have been continuous in the northern hemisphere except 

 for the narrow strait or sound just east of the Ural Mountains. 



Toward the close of the Eocene the Pyrenees Mountains were 

 upraised by folding, while initial (though moderate) orogenic 

 movements took place in the regions of the Apennines, Alps, and 

 probably Himalayas as well as some other mountain districts. 



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Fig. 187 



Sketch map showing the relations of land and water in Europe during 



Middle Eocene time. (After Kayser.) 



Oligocene. — The Oligocene is best known in Europe, while in 

 many other parts of the world it has not yet been separated from 

 the Eocene or Miocene. During the Oligocene a shallow sea 

 transgressed over northern Germany. In many places there were 

 lagoons, estuaries, and even basins in which terrestrial deposits 

 were formed. Some beds of gypsum, salt, and brown coal (lignite) 

 were formed. Oligocene strata are especially well developed 

 throughout southern Europe. In Italy, marine deposits of this 

 age have an estimated thickness of 12,000 feet. In southern 

 Europe true marine conditions prevailed, though continental 

 deposition also occurred. 



