THE TERTIARY PERIOD 



307 



There was much igneous activity during this epoch, particularly 

 in Bohemia, Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, and in the vicinity ol* 

 Vienna. 



More or less severe orogenic movements affected certain dis- 

 tricts such as the Balkan and Carpathian Mountains toward the 

 close of the epoch. 



Oligocene rocks are also quite certainly present in the Cau- 

 casus Mountains, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa, but 

 they have not been much studied in other countries. 



Fig. 188 

 Sketch map showing the relations of land and water in Europe 

 during Middle Miocene time. Area of coarse dots, continental 

 deposition; areas of small dots, marine waters. (After Kayser.) 



Miocene. — Viewed in a broad way, the Miocene land and 

 water areas of Europe were much as they had been in the Eocene, 

 all but the northern coast of Germany again becoming dry land. 

 Marine waters occupied parts of the Atlantic borders of France 

 and the Iberian peninsula, while southern Europe was largely 

 submerged as in the Eocene, except for considerable land masses 

 occupying such areas as the interior of Spain and France, portions 

 of the sites of the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Apennines, etc., 

 which had been more or less affected by orogenic movements before 

 the Miocene (see map Fig. 188). A remarkable formation, worthy 

 of special mention, is an extensive conglomerate several thousand 

 feet thick along the northern side of the present Alps. This con- 



