308 



HISTORICAL GEOLOGY 



glomerate has considerably controlled the topography, for instance 

 in the vicinity of Lucerne. 



The vast Eocene mediterranean across southwestern Asia was 

 not continued into the Miocene. Eocene strata, both marine and 

 non-marine, occur in northern Africa and Syria, but not in the 

 Persian region. Though not yet well studied, Miocene strata are 

 well developed in southern Asia, Japan, and northeastern Asia 

 and Australia. In South America the Miocene is extensively 



£^f§ 



^N—v ^zy~\^ (^ ^ ft **' 







Fig. 189 

 Sketch map showing the relations of land and water in Europe 

 during Middle Pliocene time. Small dots, marine waters; 

 coarse dots, areas of continental deposition. (After Kayser.) 



shown in Argentina and probably also on the western coast of the 

 continent. 



Important mountain building occurred in Europe and Asia 

 in the middle and late Miocene. Though initial movements had 

 affected the sites of the Alps, Apennines, and probably the Him- 

 alayas, these mountains were greatly elevated by tremendous 

 orogenic movements in the Miocene. 1 The Caucasus Mountains 



1 There appears to be some doubt as to whether the principal orogenic 

 movement in the Himalayas occurred at the close of the Eocene or in the 

 Miocene. 



