THE QUATERNARY PERIOD 377 



interglacial stage to which such specimens belong, but their 

 " great antiquity is inferred from the circumstances under which 

 they were discovered. The evidence relates either to their associa- 

 tion with extinct animals such as the Mammoth, 1 or again the 

 bones may have been found at considerable depths from the sur- 

 face, in strata judged to have been undisturbed since the remains 

 were deposited" (W. H. L. Duckworth). These Pleistocene Men 

 are called Paleolithic because they are known to have fashioned 

 many rude stone implements or weapons. Although their struc- 

 ture, particularly of the skull, shows them to have been low type 

 savages, nevertheless all agree that they were truly human though 

 of different species from modern Men. It is generally customary 

 to group the more typical examples of Paleolithic Men together 

 under the name Homo primigenius, while modern Men are called 

 Homo sapiens. The nearest living approaches to the Paleolithic 

 type are such as the native Papuan of New Guinea or the Bush- 

 man of Australia. That Paleolithic Men hunted the wild beasts 

 of their day is certain because of the direct and frequent associa- 

 tions of the bones of such animals with their own. 



A few of the best known and more typical examples of Paleo- 

 lithic Men will now be described. "In a cave at Neanderthal, 

 near Dusseldorf, was found (1856) a very remarkable human 

 skeleton, which has greatly excited the interest of the scientific men. 

 The limb-bones are large, and the protuberances for muscular 

 attachments very prominent; the skull very thick, very low in the 

 arch, and very prominent in the brows. It has been supposed by 

 some to be an intermediate form between Man and the Ape; but, 

 according to the best authority, it is in no respect intermediate, 

 but truly human. It is probably the skeleton of a man exception- 

 ally muscular in body and low in intelligence (see Fig. 232). . . . 

 Recently there have been found in a cave at Spy, Belgium, two 

 nearly complete skeletons, which seem to be of the same type as 

 the Neanderthal Man, and with the latter are supposed to belong 

 to a distinct and very early race. They are believed to have been 

 Men of short stature, broad shoulders, bowed thighs, slightly bent 

 knees, and semi-erect posture, but nevertheless distinctly human. 

 The skeletons were found associated with the remains of all the 



1 Also Cave-Bear, Cave-Hyena, woolly Rhinoceros, Reindeer, Musk- 

 Ox, Hippopotamus, etc., which are either wholly extinct or extinct in 

 Europe. 



