Geology and Mineralogy. 3S3 



early as the Jurassic the division of the bird-stem into the Car- 

 inate (Archceornis) and Ratite (Archceopteryx) groups had 

 begun ; and (8) that the division became still more marked in the 

 Cretaceous, in that Hesperornis lies in the line toward Ratite and 

 Ichthyornis in that toward Carinate, evolution. 



The author gives to the Berlin specimen the new generic name 

 Archceornis, leaving the London specimen under the original 

 genus, Archceopteryx. He further finds sufficient distinction 

 between them to postulate the former as the ancestor of the 

 Carinate birds through the Cretaceous Ichthyornis, and the lat- 

 ter as the forerunner of the Ratitag through Hesperornis, reviv- 

 ing Marsh's contention that Hesperornis belongs or is related to 

 the Ratite group, a premise which has now but little acceptance. 



r. s. L. 



2. Die Antike Tierwelt, by Otto Keller. Gesamt register, 

 by Eugen Staiger, Leipzig ( Wilhelm Engelmann), 1920. — This 

 is a somewhat detailed index pertaining to the two volumes pre- 

 viously noticed in this Journal (Bd. I, July, 1910 ; Bd. II, Octo- 

 ber, 1913) ; it lends final completeness to a work of great interest 

 to the student of zoology as well as to the antiquarian, r. s. l. 



3. Origin and Evolution of the Human Race; by Albert 

 Churchward. Pp. xv, 511, 78 pis., many text figs., New York 

 (Macmillan Company), 1922. — A large and amply illustrated 

 volume based on a considerable body of detailed and apparently 

 accurate research, not done in the laboratory or library but 

 largely in actual contact with the various peoples with which it 

 deals. Doctor Churchward makes a great deal of totemism and 

 contributes much of interest to our knowledge of this rather 

 obscure subject. His main thesis, however, is to prove Africa to 

 have been the primal home of mankind, the place of his original 

 evolution and from which he migrated to all parts of the earth. 

 He further believes that, as is the rule with other forms of life, 

 man's evolution has also resulted in increase of stature, and he 

 looks upon the African pygmies, not as physically degenerate, 

 but as in a state of persistent primitiveness. These represent the 

 stock out of which arose the other human races, through the 

 "Masaba" negro to the Nilotic negro and thence to the diverse 

 sorts of humanity. Churchward finds no difficulty in assigning 

 each of the various types of European prehistoric men — Heidel- 

 berg, Neanderthal, etc. — to his own place in the scheme, the above 

 mentioned being but Nilotic negroes which have migrated into 

 Europe from ancient Egypt, to be replaced in time by another 

 wave of migration from the same source. Chapter XXXII gives 

 a tabulated summary of the assumed relationships, the standard 

 accepted European chronology of the Recent and Pleistocene 

 being, in the author 's opinion, absurd. The book contains much 

 of value, but the thesis is so novel that, as Churchward says, he 



