248 HAIRY WOODPECKER. 



the shoulders. All the upper parts may be described as black, tinged with 

 brown behind; the feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white, 

 forming a longitudinal band of that colour; the wing-coverts, the anterior 

 excepted, and quills spotted with the same, there being on the four longest 

 primaries seven spots on the outer and five on the inner web, on most of the 

 secondaries five on each web; but on the outer quill only one patch on each 

 web, and on the second two spots on the outer, and three on the inner. The 

 four middle tail-feathers are glossy black, the rest black only towards the 

 base, the outermost being almost entirely white. The lower parts are 

 white, tinged with dull grey on the fore neck and breast, the sides with 

 blackish-grey. 



Length to end of tail 8f inches; to end of wings 7|-, to end of claws 7^; 

 extent of wings 14^; bill along the ridge 1^\; along the lower mandible 1^; 

 wing from flexure 4-j^; tail 2\^; tarsus |§; hind toe T \, its claw j^; second 

 toe X2, its claw j^l third toe yf , its claw f-f, fourth toe T 7 2, its claw T 7 ^. 



Adult Female. 



The female resembles the male externally, being however more tinged 

 with brown, especially on the quills, and wanting the red patches on the 

 occiput. 



Length to end of tail 8-| inches, to end of wings 1\, to end of claws 7£; 

 extent of wings 15. 



In an adult male the roof of the mouth has a prominent middle ridge, 

 which divides posteriorly into two; the palate is convex; the posterior 

 aperture of the nares linear-oblong, margined with papillae. The tongue is 

 eleven-twelfths long, toward the end horny, pointed, and furnished with two 

 lateral series of acute reversed papillae. The horns of the hyoid bone curve 

 round the occiput, converge on the top of the head, then leave the median 

 line, pass to the right side in a groove round the anterior edge of the orbit, 

 and are deflected backwards below the eye so far as near the level of its 

 posterior angle. The aperture of the mouth measures 5^ twelfths across. 

 The oesophagus is 3 inches long, 3^ twelfths in diameter, very slightly 

 dilated at the lower part of the neck. The proventriculus is scarcely 

 enlarged, its glandules form a belt 4 twelfths in breadth. The stomach is 

 oblong, 1 1 twelfths in length, 7 twelfths broad; its lateral muscles very thin; 

 the epithelium thin, tough, longitudinally rugous, reddish-brown. The 

 contents of the stomach are skins of large white larvae with black heads. 

 The intestine is 9-£ inches long, the duodenum 2\ twelfths in diameter. 

 There are no coeca. 



The trachea is 2 inches 5 twelfths in length, its diameter l£ twelfths, 

 gradually diminishing to 1 twelfth. The contractor muscles are both 

 anterior for the length of Ik inches, beyond which they become lateral, and 



