136 



THE WONDERS OF GEOLOGY. Llct. H, 



imbedded immense quantities of the bones of large mam- 

 malia. These belong principally to animals related to the 

 elephant, as the mammoth, mastodon, &c., and to species of 

 hippopotamus, rhinoceros, horse, ox, deer, &c. ; and some 

 are referable to extinct genera ; while in caverns and fissures 

 of rocks, more or less filled with loam and breccia, bones 

 of tigers, boars, hyenas, and other carnivora, occur. Fos- 

 sils of this kind exist in great abundance in various parts 

 of Europe, Asia, and America; they are found alike in 

 the tropical regions of India, and in the frozen plains of 

 Siberia; and there are but few considerable districts in 

 Great Britain in which some vestiges of this kind do not 

 occur. 



10. Fossil mammalian remains. — For the convenience 

 of study, Dr. Buckland classes these remains under five 

 heads, namely:— 



First. Bones of land animals, that were drifted into 

 estuaries, and are associated with marine shells ; such as 

 those found in the Sub-Apennine formations ; and in the 

 beds of gravel, sand, &c. provincially termed Crag> in 

 Norfolk and Suffolk ; in loam and chalk conglomerate in 

 the cliffs of Kent and Sussex ; and in clay off Harwich and 

 Heme Bay. 



Secondly. Terrestrial quadrupeds, imbedded with fresh- 

 water shells, in strata that have been formed during the 

 same epoch as the above, at the bottom of fresh-water lakes 

 and in the beds of rivers and deltas ; such are the fossil 

 bones of the lacustrine marls of the Val d'Arno ; those in 

 the valley of the Thames, &c. 



Thirdly. Similar remains in superficial drift spread over 

 the surface of rocks of all ages ; as in beds of gravel near 

 London ; Pette ridge Common in Surrey, &c. 

 , Fourthly. Bones of carnivorous and herbivorous ani- 

 mals, accumulated in caverns and fissures of rocks, during 

 the later period of the same epoch. The caves of Gay- 



