256 UPPER MIOCENE INSECTS, (ENINGEN. [Ch. XV. 



trine formation of the same age at Locle in the Jura. These five 

 genera all of them, except the last, now living in Australia, are the 

 following : JBanksia, Grevillea, Hahea, Persoonia, and Dryandroides. 

 Of Hakea both the seed-vessel and the seeds have been obtained, so 

 that they can be compared with the recent ; and the dimensions of 

 the fossil fruit are similar in size, the difference in d and b, fig. 191, 

 arising from the different scale of reduction (see description of figure). 

 More will be said of the Proteacese when I treat of the plants of 

 the Lower Miocene period, at which era that family was still more 

 prevalent in Europe. In the same beds at Locle with the Proteacese 

 there occurs a fan palm of the x^merican type Sabal, a genus which 

 ranges throughout the low country near the sea from the Carolinas to 

 Florida and Louisiana. 



Among the Ooniferse of Upper Miocene age is found a deciduous 

 cypress nearly allied to the Taxodium dis- 

 Flg-192- tichum of N". America, and a Glyptostrobus, 



fig. 192, very like the Japanese G. heterophyl- 

 lus, now common in our shrubberies. 



It was stated that in the upper quarry at 

 (Eningen the remains of the Mastodon angusti- 

 dens occur. The association of so characteristic 

 a falunian fossil with the flora above described 

 is important, as helping to settle the true Upper 

 _ ,„ Miocene date of these beds. M. Ziegler showed 



Glyytosvroous europc&us. t ° 



Branch with ripe fruit, me in the museum at Winterthur in Switzer- 



Hee ^ocene fi &ningenT Pper land > in 1S5 ^y tw0 fine specimens of the skulls 

 and jaws of the same species, one young and 

 the other adult, determined by Dr. Falconer, which had been found 

 at Veltheim in that neighborhood, in strata belonging, like the (Enin- 

 gen beds, to the upper freshwater molasse. This formation is there 

 seen to overlie the marine falunian beds of Rorbas. In that same 

 molasse the Podogonium ITnorii, above described, and Populus latior, 

 with other characteristic (Eningen plants, have been met with. 



Before the appearance of Heer's work on the Miocene flora of 

 Switzerland, Unger and Goppert had already pointed out the large 

 proportion of living North American genera which distinguished the 

 vegetation of the Miocene period in Central Europe. Next in num- 

 ber, says Heer, to these American forms at (Eningen the European 

 genera preponderate, the Asiatic ranking in the third, the African in 

 the fourth, and the Australian in the fifth degree. The American 

 forms are more numerous than in the Italian Pliocene flora, and the 

 whole vegetation indicates a warmer climate, though not so high a 

 temperature, as that of the older or Lower Miocene period. 



The conclusions drawn from the insects are for the most part in 

 perfect harmony with those derived from the plants, but they have 

 a somewhat less' tropical and less American aspect, the South Euro- 

 pean types being more numerous. On the whole, the insect fauna is 



