276 UPPER MIOCENE— SIWlLIK HILLS. [Ch. XY. 



countries, therefore, rather than to Australia and Africa, we ought to 

 look for the origin of many of the species of that order which we find 

 both in Upper and Lower. Miocene formations. 



But notwithstanding the caution which we must use in our specula- 

 tions on the alleged affinity of the Miocene flora of Europe to the liv- 

 ing plants of America and other countries, I consider the generaliza- 

 tions of linger, Asa Gray, Heer, Oliver, and others on this subject, to 

 be most important, and that their investigations cannot fail to throw 

 great light on the past history of species and genera in the vegetable 

 kingdom. 



UPPER MIOCENE FORMATIONS, INDIA. 



Sub-Himalayan or Siwdlih Hills. — The Siwalik Hills lie at the 

 southern foot of the Himalayan chain, rising, to the height of 2000 

 and 3000 feet. Between the Jumna and the Ganges they consist of 

 inclined strata of sandstone, shingle, clay, and marl. "We are indebted 

 to the indefatigable researches of Dr. Falconer and Sir Proby Cautley, 

 continued for fifteen years, and to the labors of other scientific officers 

 in the Indian service, for the discovery in these marls and sandstones of 

 a great variety of fossil mammalia and reptiles, together with many 

 freshwater shells. Fifteen species of shells of the genera Paludina, 

 Melania, Ampullaria, and TJnio were shown by Falconer and Cautley 

 in 1846 to the late Professor E. Forbes, who pronounced them to be 

 all extinct or unknown species with the exception of four, which are 

 still inhabitants of Indian rivers. Such a proportion of living to ex- 

 tinct mollusca agrees well with the usual character of an Upper Mio- 

 cene or Falunian fauna, as observed in Touraine, or in the basin of 

 Vienna and elsewhere. 



The genera of mammalia point in the same direction. One of 

 them, named originally Anoplotherium, was at first considered to sup- 

 ply a link between this Indian fauna and that of the Eocene period 

 of Europe, but it is now recognized to belong to the genus Chalico- 

 therium (or Anisodon of Lartet), a pachyderm intermediate between 

 the Rhinoceros and Anoplothere, and characteristic of the Upper Mio- 

 cene strata of Eppelsheim, and of Sansans in the Department of Gers 

 in the South of France. With in occurs also an extinct form of Hip- 

 popotamus, called Hexaprotodon, and a species of Hippotherium and 

 pig, also two species of Mastodon, two of elephant, and three other 

 elephantine proboscidians ; none of them agreeing with any fossil 

 forms of Europe, and being intermediate between the genera Elephas 

 and Mastodon, constituting the sub-genus Stegodon of Falconer. 

 With these are associated a monkey, allied ; to the Semnopithecus 

 entellus, now living in the Himalaya, and many ruminants. Amongst 

 these last, besides the giraffe, camel, antelope, stag, and others, we 

 find a remarkable new type, the Sivatherium, like a gigantic four- 

 horned deer. There are also new forms of carnivora, both feline and 



