Ch. XXIL] 



MUSCHELKALK AND FOSSILS. 



439 



sandstein ; and Avicula socialis (fig. 472), having a similar range, is 

 found in great numbers in the Muschelkalk of Germany, France, and 

 Poland. 



Fig. 471. 



Esther ia (Posidonia) mi- 

 nuta, Goldf. (Posido- 

 twmya minuta, Bronn.) 



Fiff. 472. 



Avicula socialis. b. Side view 



Characteristic of the Muschelkalk. 



The abundance of the heads and stems of lily encrinites, Encrinus 



liliiformis (fig. 473), (or Encrinites moniliformis), shows the slow 



manner in which some beds of this limestone have 



Fig. 473. heen formed in clear sea- water. The star- fish 



Jji^ja, ||j| \ V^ called Aspidura loricata (fig. 474) is as yet pecu- 

 ■^-PH liar to the Muschelkalk. In the same formation are 



Fig. 474. 





Encrinus liliiformis, Schlott. Syn. E, moniliformis. 



Body, arms, and part of stem. 



a. Section of stem. 



Muschelkalk. 



Aspidura. loricata, 



a. Upper side. 



b. Lower side. 

 Muschelkalk. 



Fig. 475. 



Fig. 476. 



Palatal teeth of Placodus gigas. 

 Muschelkalk. 



a. Vollzia heterophylla. (Syn. Volteia 



brevifolia.) 



b. Portion of same magnified to show 



fructification. Sulzbad. 

 Bunter-sandstein 



