1044 CLASS AMPHIBIA. 



the ribs of the sacral vertebra ; and the proccelous vertebrae. Of 

 the type genus Bufo existing species occur in the European and 

 Indian Pleistocene. B. Gessneri, of the Upper Miocene of Switzer- 

 land, appears closely allied to the living B. viridis, although, to- 

 gether with another species from the same beds, it has been made 

 the type of Palceophrynus, Dr Filhol records the type genus from 

 the Upper Eocene Phosphorites of France. 



Family CvsTiGNATHiDiE. — This family represents the Frogs in 

 Tropical America and Australia. The huge Ceratophrys cornuta, or 

 Horned Frog of -Brazil, occurs in the cave-deposits of that country ; 

 while Latonia, of the Swiss Miocene, appears to be a closely allied 

 if not identical genus, characterised by the smaller head, more 

 slender pelvis, shorter manus, and longer pes. A somewhat similar 

 instance of distribution occurs in the case of the Chelonian Chely- 

 dra. The cave-deposits of Brazil have also yielded remains of the 

 existing Leptodactylus pentadactylus. 



Family Ranid^e. — In the Firmisternine series the True Frogs 

 have teeth in the upper jaw, and the extremities of the sacral ribs 

 are not expanded. Rana is represented by existing species in the 

 Norfolk Forest-bed, and probably in the Pleistocene of Sardinia ; it 

 probably also occurs in the Miocene of Sausan and other places on 

 the Continent ; and has been described from the Upper Eocene 

 Phosphorites of Central France, where the one known species seems 

 to be allied to the Indian R. tigrina. The Oriental genus Oxyglos- 

 sus, in which there are no vomerine teeth, is found in the Eocene of 

 Bombay. Ranavus, from the Middle Tertiary of Italy, may perhaps 

 belong to this family, although it is said to show affinity to the Pelo- 

 batidce ; and we may here mention the imperfectly known Amphi- 

 rana, Batrachus, and Protophrynus of the Lower Miocene of France, 

 although their family position may be doubtful. 



LITERATURE OF AMPHIBIA. 



i. Atthey (T.)— "On Anthracosaurus Russelli." 'Ann. Mag. Nat. 

 Hist., 5 ser. 4, vol. xviii. (1876). 



2. Baur (G.) — " Die alteste Tarsus (Archegosaurus)? ' Zool. Anzeiger.' 



No. 216. (1886). 



3. Burmeister (H.)— "Die Labyrinthodonten aus dem Bunten Sand- 



stein im Bernburg." 1849. 



4. Cope (E. D.) — " Description of Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from 



the Permian of Texas." ' Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.,' vol. xvii. 

 (1878). 



5. " On the Intercentrum of the Terrestrial Vertebrata." ' Trans. 



Amer. Phil. Soc.,' vol. xvi. (1886). 



6. " Synopsis of Extinct Batrachia from the Coal - Measures." 



' Geol. Surv. of Ohio, vol. ii., Palaeontology' (1875). 



