ORDER ORNITHOSAURIA. 1 201 



are synonyms), on the other hand, has the skull produced into a 

 long beak or rostrum (fig. 1097), in which the teeth extend over a 

 considerable space, and the large nares are slightly separated from 

 the preorbital vacuities. The scapula is not anchylosed to the cora- 

 coid; and the pubes are short and rounded (fig. 1097). This genus 

 appears to be confined to the lithographic limestones ; the typical 

 P. antiquus being about the dimensions of a woodcock. 



Apparently allied to this genus is Dermodactylus, of the Jurassic 

 of North America, in which the bones are said to have thicker walls. 

 The type species is estimated to have had a spread of wing of from 

 five to six feet. Finally, in Cycnorkampkus, of the Solenhofen 

 limestones, we have a genus with a broad expanded beak, like that 

 of a Swan, with the teeth confined to the anterior extremity. This 

 genus is represented by a single species of comparatively large size, 

 known as C. suevicus. 



Here we may conveniently notice some gigantic Pterodactyles 

 from the Cretaceous system of Europe, of which, owing to the ex- 

 ceedingly imperfect remains hitherto discovered, the family position 

 must be left undetermined. Remains of some of those forms were 

 originally regarded as belonging to Birds, and described under the 

 names of Palceornis (Wealden) and Cimoliornis (Chalk). All these 

 forms may be provisionally included under the generic name of 

 Ornithochirus, although it is highly probable that some of them may 

 really be distinct ; and there does not at present appear any very 

 good reasons for separating a Purbeck form for which the name 

 Doralorhynchus has been proposed. Many of these Pterodactyles 

 were of gigantic size ; the spread of wing of some of the larger 

 species being estimated at as much as 25 feet. Probably the 

 tail was long ; the jaws were toothed to their extremities, and 

 frequently the upper anterior teeth curved forwards to project 

 in advance of the muzzle. The oral surfaces of the upper and 

 lower jaws were marked by a longitudinal ridge and groove ; 

 the skull was either short and stout, or much elongated ; the 

 scapula was often anchylosed to the coracoid ; and in some 

 instances the astragalus united with the tibia. It has also been 

 suggested that Ornithochirus had but three digits in the manus, 

 but this statement requires confirmation. The name Cretornis 

 has been applied to the remains of Ornithochirus from the Chalk 

 of Bohemia. 



Family Rhamphorhynchid^e. — In this family the tail was at 

 least usually long (as in fig. 1098); the extremities of the jaws were 

 in many instances edentulous ; and the length of the metacarpus 

 was much less than half that of the ulna (fig. 1095). The skull 

 (fig. 1099) was less bird-like than in the type family, with the nares 

 separated by a distinct bar from the preorbital vacuity, and was 



