1344 CLASS MAMMALIA. 



cranium is unfortunately unknown. The next place in the series 

 is occupied by Helladotherium, of the Lower Pliocene of Greece, 

 India, and perhaps Persia, in which the cranium is devoid of ap- 

 pendages, and the molar teeth become more like those of the Elk. 

 The limbs are comparatively short and stout ; the cranium has no 

 lachrymal vacuity ; and the one known species was of considerably 

 greater bulk than the Giraffe. With Hydaspitherium, of the Pliocene 

 of North-western India, we enter the group in which the cranium 

 was provided with large branching antler-like appendages, although 

 the exact nature of their covering is unknown. These appendages 

 in this genus rise from a common base situated immediately in 

 advance of the occiput, but their form is not known ; there were 

 lachrymal vacuities in the cranium. An apparently allied form, 

 from the Pliocene of Persia, has been named Urmiatherium. In 

 Bramatherium, of the Pliocene of Western India, there were two 



Fig. 1219.— Skull of Sivatherium giganteum ; reduced. Pliocene, India. The position of 

 the hinder antlers should probably be reversed. 



pairs of these antler-like appendages, the anterior pair arising from 

 a common base, and being of large size. Lastly, we have Siva- 

 therium (fig. 1 2 19), of the Pliocene Siwaliks of North-eastern India, 

 in which the neck and limbs were not developed beyond the normal 

 proportions. There are two pairs of cranial appendages, the bases 

 of each being separate. The anterior pair are conical, like those of 



