1432 



CLASS MAMMALIA. 



paratively modern origin ; the earliest known species being U. 

 Theobald^ of the Pliocene of India, which was the ancestor of the 

 existing U. labiatus of the same country. The last-named species 

 is found in a fossil state in the caves of Madras. In the Upper 

 Pliocene of Europe we have the small U. etruscus ; and in the 

 Pleistocene of the same area the existing European Brown Bear 

 (U. arctus), the allied or identical North American Grizzly (U. 

 horribilis), and the huge extinct U. spelczus, or Cave-Bear (fig. 

 1 310). The latter species is characterised by the prominent ridge 

 above the orbits, and the extremely fine tuberculation of its molars ; 

 its remains are found in extraordinary abundance in the bone-caves 



Fij 



[312. — Palate of Arctotherucfii bonariense ; from the Pleistocene of 

 South America. One-fourth natural size. 



of the Continent. Very noteworthy is the occurrence of abundant 

 remains of Bears in the caverns of North Africa, since but one liv- 

 ing species is found in the whole of that vast continent. In the 

 Pleistocene of South America and California we meet with the huge 

 Arctotherium (fig. 131 2), in which the upper carnassial is relatively 

 longer than in Ursus, while the crowns of the true molars are more 

 nearly square ; so that its dentition serves to connect that of Ursus 

 with that of the next genus. According to Professor Cope the 

 humerus has a foramen. The genus Hycenarctus occurs first in the 

 Middle Miocene of Europe, where the species are of small size 



