PHANEROGAMS. 



1533 



Araucarias ; but it should be observed that Sir J. W. Dawson con- 

 siders that their fruit was not in the shape of cones, but was of the 

 type of that of the Yews. This genus occurs in the Permian of 

 Europe and North America. Ullmania, of the European Permian 

 and Keuper, is an apparently allied type in which cones are known 

 to have been developed. 



In the same family Dr Schenk places the genus Pagiophyllum 

 (Pachyfihyllum), which has thick leathery leaves of triangular form, 



Fig. 1402. — Part of branch (a) and twig (b) of Walchia fiiniformis ; from the Permian 

 of Saxony. (After Gutbier.) 



arranged spirally on the stem and branches, and uniting at their 

 bases. In Europe it occurs from the Bunter to the Lower Creta- 

 ceous ; it has also been recorded from the Upper Gondwanas of 

 India, but some of the species from those beds seem to belong to 

 Araucaria, to which this genus appears to be nearly related. 



The AraucariecB are too well known to require much description ; 

 typically they are lofty evergreen trees, with verticillate spreading 

 branches, covered with stiff and flattened leaves, with sharp points, 

 and usually imbricating. The cones are large, globular, and ter- 

 minal. The existing species are mostly confined to the southern 

 hemisphere, and belong to three genera. Of these, Dammara, 

 which extends into the Malay Peninsula, and affords the well-known 

 gum-damar, may be represented in the Upper Cretaceous of Green- 

 land and the United States ; but the specimens from the Creta- 

 ceous described as Dammarites may apparently be cones of Cycads. 

 Araucaria itself is now chiefly known from Australia, New Guinea, 

 Norfolk Island, and South America, but in past times had a much 

 wider distribution. Thus it occurs in the Tertiary of the Arctic 

 regions, in the English Eocene, in the Dakota stage of the American 

 Cretaceous, and right through the Wealden and Jurassic of Europe. 

 It also occurs in the Indian Gondwanas, where some of the 

 species have been described as Araucarites, while the figured 

 specimen (fig. 1403), which was referred by Dr Feistmantel to 



