422. Geology of 



tion was made "by me at the Moa-hunter encampment, at the mouth 

 of the Shag river, Otago. Thus, we are compelled to believe that the 

 Moa-hunters only chased the dog then living in a wild state in New 

 Zealand, without having as yet domesticated it. It is difficult to 

 conceive how that animal could have come to New Zealand, unless 

 Drought by some vessel and then become feral, as afterwards the 

 domestic pig did after Captain Cook's visit. TVe know from the 

 researches of Messrs. Lartet and Christy in the caves of southern 

 Prance, and of the Eev. J. M. Mello in the Eobin Hood Cave in 

 Derbyshire, that the European palaeolithic hunters had evidently no 

 domestic dog, but in both localities all traces of canis familiaris are 

 entirely missing. Admitting the Maori traditions, which state distinctly 

 that they brought the domestic dog (Kuri) with them from Hawaiki, 

 it is evident that these kitchen middens of the Moa-hunters must date 

 back to a period much anterior to their arrival in New Zealand. No 

 human bones were found in connection with these kitchen middens, so 

 that there is strong presumptive evidence for believing that the Moa- 

 hunters were not addicted to anthropophagy. 



The number of stone implements and flakes in these refuse heaps, 

 obtained by digging or turned up by deep ploughing all over the field, 

 is very large. AVell shaped flint implements are however rare. Some 

 of them are of the palaeolithic spear shaped pattern of Europe, others 

 are of the oval shaped hatchet type, others resemble knives, scrapers, 

 awls and saws of the same period. They are all flat on one side, all 

 blows having been struck on the other. The flakes generally having 

 a sharp cutting edge, were doubtless used for the purpose of cutting 

 through the sinews and ligaments of the big birds. They are made of 

 flint, palla, quartz, chalcedony and obsidian. Cores are found sometimes 

 in the same kitchen* middens, showing how these flakes were there 

 and then broken off when wanted. The most primitive form of stone 

 implement however, and one of the commonest is the fragment of a 

 hard silicious sandstone broken off with a single blow from a large 

 boulder. The latter was always selected in such a form that, if frac- 

 tured in the right way, it would yield a sharp cutting edge. These 

 primitive knives are mostly three to four inches long by two to 

 three inches broad, the edges of some of them have been manufactured 

 into a saw by a number of small chips having been taken off on both 

 sides. 



In the fine and interesting volume of the " United States Geological 

 Survey of 1S72," published by Dr. Hayden there occurs the following 



