MAMMALIA. (Mammals.)' 



JVarm-blooded terrestrial or aquatic animals with external covering consisting of 

 hair, usually forming a thick fur ; never with scaly or feathered covering ; a four- 

 chambered heart present ; skull tvith two occipital condyles ; coracoid {except in Mono- 

 tremes) vestigial and fused with the scapula. Lower jaw consisting of a single piece, 

 articulating with the sqiiamosal. Appendages developed as limbs, more rarely as fins, 

 or the anterior- pair as hands. 



Among vertebrates the Mammalia constitute the most highly organised 

 class. Their functions are more diversified and specialised, their nervous system 



^ Literature : Ameghino, F., Contribucion a conocimiento de los mamiferos de la Republica 

 Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1889. — Enumeration synoptique des especes de mammiferes fossiles des 

 formations eocenes de Patagonie. Buenos Aires, 1894. — Premiere contribution a la connaissance de 

 la faune des couches a Pyrotherium. Boletin del Inst. Geogr. Argeutino, vol. xv., 1895. — Mammi- 

 feres cretaces de I'Argentine. — Ibid. vol. xviii., 1897. — Ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de 

 Patagonie. Boletin Acad. Nac. de Cordoba, 1901. — Mammiferes nouveaux des terrains cretaces. 

 Ibid. 1902. — Andrews, C. W., Descriptive catalogue of the Tertiary vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt. 

 London, 1906. — Blainville, H. D., Osteographie, ou description iconographique des mammiferes. 

 4 vols., Paris, 1839-64. — -Cope, E. D., Vertebrata of the Tertiary formations of the West. Rept. U.S. 

 Geol. Survey of Territories, vol. iii., 1884. — Synopsis of the Fauna of the Puerco Series. Trans. 

 Amer. Phil. Soc, 1889, vol. xvi. — Cuvier, O., Recherches sur les ossements fossiles. 1st ed., Paris, 

 1812. 4th ed., 1834-36. — Depiret, C, Archives du Museum d'Hist. Nat. Lyon, vol. iv., 1886 ; vol. 

 v., 1892.— Les animaux pliocenes de Roussillon. Mem. Soc. Geol. de France, 1890. — Les vertebres 

 oligocenes de Pyrimont (Savoie). Mem. Soc. Paleont. Suisse, vol. xxix., 1902. — Falconer, H., and 

 GoAitley, P. T., Fauna antiqua sivalensis. London, 1846-49. — Filhol, H., Ann. Sci. Geol., vol. iii., 

 1872 ; v., 1874 ; vii., 1876 ; viii., 1877 ; x., 1879 ; xiv., 1883 ; xyii., 1885 ; xxi., ISn.—Flmoer, 

 W. n., Introduction to the osteology of the mammalia. 3d ed., London, 1885. — Gctudry, Albert, 

 Animaux fossiles et geologie de I'Attique. Paris, 1862-67. — Animaux fossiles du Mont Leberon 

 (Vaucluse). Paris, 1873. — Les enchainements du monde animal dans les temps • geol ogiques ; 

 Mammiferes tertiaires. Paris, 1878. — Fossiles de Patagonie. Annales de Paleont., vols. i. and ii., 

 1906. — Gervais, P., Zoologie et paleontol. fran^aises. Paris, 1859. — Giebel, G., and Leche, W., Die 

 Saugetiere, iu Bronn's Classen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bd. vi., 5th Abth., 1874-1906. — 

 Gregory, W. K., The orders of mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1910. — Hofinann, A., Die 

 Fauna;von Goriach. Abh. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst. Wien, 1893. — Leidy, Joseph, The extinct mam- 

 malian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vii., 1869. — Lemoine, V., 

 Mammiferes fossiles de Reims. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 1883-85, 1889. — Lydekker, R., Catalogue 

 of the fossil mammalia in the Briti.sh Museum, parts i.-v. London, 1885-87. — Indian Tertiary 

 and Pre-tertiary vertebrata. Palaeontol. ludica. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, ser. x.,'vols. i.-iv., 1875- 

 1886. — Palaeontologia Argentina, Ann. Museo de la Plata, vol. ii., 1894. — Mattheiv, W. D., Numer- 

 ous papers in Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. New York, 1897-1909. — Fossil Mammals of North- 

 eastern Colorado. Mem. Amer. Mus., 1901. — Osbonni, H. F., Numerous articles and memoirs pub- 

 lished by Amer. Mus. New York, 1892-1924.— The Age of Mammals. New York, 1^11.— Osborn 

 and Scott, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvi., 1889. — Roger, 0., Verzeichnis der fossilen Saugetiere. 

 Ber. Nat. Ver. Augsburg, 1896. — Riitimeyer, L., Eocane Saugetiere aus dem Schweizer. Jura. Denk- 

 schr. Schweiz. Ges. Gesammt. Naturwiss. xix., 1862. — Abh. Schweiz. Paliiont. Ges. xviii., 1891. — 

 Schlosser, M., Die Saugetiere aus den stiddeutschen Bohnerzen. Palaont. Abh., 1902. — Die fossilen 



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