68 



CAENIVOEA 



size. Pliocene of Montpellier, Alcoy, Pikermi and the Indian Siwalik. E. 

 sivalensis, H. punjabiensis Falc. ; the latter in the Maragha beds also. One 

 species in the Pleistocene of China. Also in Pliocene of North America. 



Ursavus Schlosser. F small. P"* with large inner tubercle, lower M with 

 weak corrugations. Attains the size of a wolf. U. brevirhinus Hofmann sp., 

 Upper Miocene of Styria and Silesia. U. primaevus Gaillard sp. ; La Grive 

 St. Alban and Pliocene Bohnerz of Swabia. 



Ursus Linn. Upper 31 much longer than carnassial, corrugated, multi- 

 tubercular, increasing in size from the first onwards. F^ very much reduced, 

 deciduous, often missing, and separated from the third by a wide diastema. 

 The earliest fossil indications of this genus are in the Lower Pliocene of 

 the Siwalik hills and China (U. theobaldi Lyd.). U. boeckhi Schlosser 



C /?^ 



A /? 



Fig. 94. 



A, Hyaeimrctos sivaJcnsis Falc. Lower Pliocene of Siwalik Hills, India. Lower aspect of the left upper jaw. 

 3/5. (After Gaudry.) B, Hyaenarctos punjabiensis hyd. Right half of the lower jaw. 8/5. (After Lydekker.) 



occurs in the Pliocene of Transylvania ; U. efruscus Cuv. in the Pliocene of 

 Tuscany ; U. arvernensis Croiz. in the Pliocene of Roussillon and Auvergne. 

 The cave bear (U. spelaeus Biumenb.) is the most abundant carnivore of the 

 European Pleistocene, the various caverns having yielded more than 100 

 skeletons in various states of preservation. This species is distinguished 

 from the existing brown bear ( Ursus arctos) b}?^ its larger size, more robust 

 bones, more convex brow, and the absence of F^. Its ancestor was U. dcningeri 

 Reichenau in the early Pleistocene. U. priscus Cuv., from the European 

 Pleistocene, is closely related to the grizzly bear. Other Pleistocene species 

 occurring in North America are U. americamis Pallas, amplidens Leidy, vitabilis 

 Gidley, and floridamis Merriam. 



Ardodus Leidy (Arcfotherium Bravard). Jaws greatly shortened, F crowded. 

 In the Pleistocene of California and South Carolina. A.pristinus Leidy ; A. simus 

 Cope sp. in Pennsylvania ; Mexico, and South America, A. bonariensis Gervais sp. 



