198 UNGULATA order vii 



occur in the typical deer (not in the giraffe), and the lateral metatarsals may 

 also be entirely suppressed. 



The geographical range of the Cervicornia now extends over Asia, 

 Europe and America, the giraffe also representing this family in central 

 and southern Africa. These forms are therefore wanting only in Australia. 

 In the Old World the plesiometacarpal types predominate ; in the New 

 AVorld the teleometacarpal forms. The oldest representatives of the family 

 appear in the Lower Miocene of Europe. In the Upper Miocene and Pliocene, 

 true deer become more widely distributed both in the Old World and in 

 North America. They attained their maximum development in the Pleisto- 

 cene and Recent. 



Subfamily 1. Moschinae Gray. Musk-Deer. 



Shtll hornless. Upper canine sabre-like, projecting downward. Three premolars 

 present above and below. Distal rudiments of lateral metapodials with long digits 

 having three phalanges. 



The two existing genera of this subfamily, Moschus and Hydropotes, inhabit 

 the highlands of Central Asia. Undoubted fossil remains of Moschvs have 

 been noted from the Siwalik beds of northern India. 



Subfamily 2. Cervulinae Sclater. Muntjacs. 



Shdl hornless, or in the male with short antlers either only dichotomously 

 branched or with a few tines, these being borne on a long pedicle, and not shed 

 in the old forms. Superior canines very strongly developed, projecting downward, 

 laterally compressed, and trenchant posteriorly. Cheek teeth deer -like ; premolars 

 slightly elongated. Manus usually plesiometacarpal, very rarely teleometacarpal. 

 Living in southern Asia. Fossil from the Miocene onward. 



Amphitragidus Pomel. Skull hornless, without lachrymal fossa and 

 ethmoidal vacuity. Molars low, nearly smooth, the inferior ones with 



Palaeo7neryx -iold on the proto- 

 conid. Four inferior premolars, 

 the posterior one elongated. 

 Frequently with distal vestiges 

 of lateral metacarpals and corre- 

 sponding phalanges. Abundant 

 in the Lower Miocene of Au- 

 vergne and in the environs of 



Dremotherium feignouxi GeoSioy. Lower Miocene, St. Ulm and Mavcnce. jl. eleoans, 



Gerand-le-Puy (AUier). Skull, i/s- (After Filhol.) , . -r> i ni/r- 



lemanensis Pomel. Miocene; 

 Japan, A. minoensis Matsumoto. From about the size of a hare to that of 

 a roe-deer. 



Dremotherium Geoffroy (Fig. 274). Like the preceding, but superior 

 molars with more robust tubercles, and only three inferior premolars. Lateral 

 metapodials indicated by proximal splint bones onl3\ Lower Miocene ; 

 Auvergne, Ulm and Weissenau, D. feignmixi Geoffroy. 



Micromeryx Lartet. Small, with rather deep cheek teeth. Upper 

 Miocene ; Sansan and Steinheim. 



