210 UNGULATA order vii 



Nemorhaedus Hamilton-Smith. Recent ; Asia. Upper Pliocene ; Sen^ze, 

 Haute Loire, France. 



MyotragiLS Bate.^ Unique among artiodactyl ungulates in having lower 

 incisors reduced to a single pair, persistently growing. Premolars reduced to 

 two above, one or two below. Molars extremely hypsodont. Metapodials and 

 phalanges short and thick. Caverns ; Balearic Isles. M. balearicus Bate, as 

 large as goat. Probably another species in Caverns of Sardinia. 



Group 4. OviCAPRiNAE Noack. 



Skull strongly arched; cranial axis strongly bent. Horns keeled, simply or 

 spirally curved. Frontal appendages usually hollow. Lachrymal fossa small or 

 wanting, ethmoidal vacuity fissure-like or absent. Teeth generally strongly hypsodont 

 and laterally compressed. 



Oioceros Gaillard (Antidorcas Eoth ; 1 Helicophora Lydekker). Lachrymal 

 fossa small ; ethmoidal vacuity fissure-like. Horns spiral, keeled. Teeth 

 slightly hypsodont. Lower Pliocene ; Pikermi. 0. rothi Gaudry. Maragha. 



0. atropatenes E. and W. Samos. 0. proaries Schlosser. 



Ovis Linn. (Fig. 287). Lachrymal fossa present; ethmoidal vacuity 

 absent. Frontal sutures converging anteriorly ; parietal sutures straight. 

 Frontal processes triangular, broad in front, spiral. Rare in the European 

 Pleistocene. 0. (or Caprovis) savini Newton. 0. argalioides Nehring. In the 

 Pleistocene of Canada, 0. canadensis. Domestic sheep first appear in Neolithic 

 deposits. 



Capra Linn. Lachrymal fossa absent; ethmoidal vacuity fissure-like. 

 Horns compressed, recurved. Frontal sutures straight ; parietal sutures con- 

 verging anteriorly. Pliocene; India. C. sivalensis Siud C. periinensis hydekker. 

 Pleistocene ; Europe. C. pyrenaica Schimper. Ibex cebennarum Gervais. 



1. fossilis Nehring. Domestic goats first appear in Neolithic deposits. 



Haploceros Hamilton-Smith (Oreamnus Rafinesque). Recent and Pleistocene; 

 North America, caves of California. 



Bucapra Riitimej^er. A very large hornless skull from the Pliocene of 

 the Siwalik hills. B. daviesi Riit. 



Pseadobos Schlosser. Teeth are known corresponding in size to those of 

 oxen. Premolars reduced. Molars hypsodont, strongly compressed. Lower 

 Pliocene ; China and Persia. 



Group 5. OviBOViNAE Gill. 



Skull slightly arched. Horns usually strongly thickened at the base, tips directed 

 outward. Teeth moderately hypsodont ; molars strongly compressed. 



Ovibos Blainville (Boofherium Leidy ; Symbos Osgood). Musk-ox. Frontal 

 appendages behind the orbits directed downward ; tips directed outward ; 

 strongly swollen at the base, consisting of cancellated osseous tissue. Meta- 

 podials short and thick. 0. moschatus Blainville now inhabits the most 

 northern portions of North America, particularly Greenland and Alaska ; 

 in the Pleistocene it was distributed over a great part of North America, 



1 Andrews, C. Jr., Phil. Trans. Eoy. Soc. Lond., vol. ccvi. B, 1915. p. 281.— Geol. Mag., 1915, 

 p. 337.— £«<e, D. M. A., Geol. Mag., 1909, p. 385. Ibid., 1914, p. 337. 



