SUBORDEB C 



PROBOSCIDEA 



257 



the lower jaw with a broad furrow in front, sharply bent downwards. The 

 massive incisors directed backward and downward, and sunk in deep alveoli. 

 First molars in both jaws with three, the remaining molars with two trans- 

 verse ridges, which in the upper teeth are anteriorly convex and in the lower 

 are anteriorly concave. Upper molars are almost quadrangular, three-rooted; 

 lower ones longer than broad. M^ with strong talonid. Skeleton similar to 



Dinotheriiim bavaricum Meyer. Upper Miocene, Breitenbronn, near Augsburg. 

 A, Upper cheek teeth. B, Lower cheek teeth. 1/4. 



that of Mastodon, but with somewhat longer limbs. The larger species of this 

 genus exceed most elephants in size. 



In the Lower Miocene of British East Africa, D. hobleyi Andrews. In the 

 Upper Miocene of Europe the genus is represented by D. bavaricum Meyer 

 { = D- levius Jourdan). In the Lower Pliocene of Europe and in Samos (?) is 

 found the type species, B. giganteum Kaup.^ In India other species are 

 known, D. indicum Falconer, D. sindiense Lydekker. 



Family 4. Elephantidae Gray.^ 



Superior incisors developed as large straight or curved tusks ; inferior incisors 

 smaller, straight, or absent. Cheek teeth very large, composed of more than two crests, 

 the transverse valleys often filled with cement. Premolars generally absent. Dental 

 succession effected by the crushing out of the anterior teeth. In specialised forms 

 jaws moving in a horizontal plane. Oligocene to Recent. 



Palaeomastodon (Phiomia) Andrews (Figs. 340, 341). 



LO.3.3. 

 T70.2.3. 



Molars 



in a continuous straight line and functioning simultaneously. Upper incisors 

 rather short, laterally compressed and blade-like. Lower incisors elongate 

 spatulate. All the incisors are provided on the outer surface with enamel, 



^ Andrews, C. W., Skull of Dmotherium giganteum. Proc. Zool. See, 1921, p. 525. 



^ Depiret, C, and Mayd, L., Les I^llephants plioceues. Ann. Univ. Lyon, n. s. I., fasc. 42, 

 1923. — Dietrich, W. 0., Elephas priniigenius fraasi. Jahresb. Vereiu f. vaterl. Naturk. Wiirtt., 1912. 

 — Elephas antiquus recki. Wiss. Ergebn. Oldoway Expetl., Berlin, 1916. — Felix, J., Das Mammutli 

 von Borna. Veroifentl. stadt. Mus. Vcilkerk., Leipzig, 1912. — Niezabitotoski, E. L., Uberreste 

 des in Starunia gefundenen Mammutbcadavers. Bull. Acad. Sci. Cracovic, 1911. — Wykopaliska 

 Starunskie, Cracow Museum, 1914. — Soergel, W., Elephas trogontherii u. E. antiquus. 

 Palaeontogr., vol. Ix., 1913. — Stegodonten aus Java. Ibid., suppl. 4, 1913. — Elephas columbi. 

 Geol. u. palaont. Abhandl., vol. xviii., 1921. 



VOL. Ill S 



