SUBORDER B ANTHEOPOIDEA 273 



uncovered cerebellum. Inferior incisors nearly vertical ; superior canine 



immediately in front of the first lower premolar. Premolars trenchant. 



Molars with cusps united into a ridge. Humerus with entepicondylar 



foramen. N. roherti Forsyth Major, possibly stands near the origin of the 



Cercopithecines. 



2.1.2 3 

 Palaeopropithecus Grandidier. Dental formula : d p, n o ' Cranium de- 



pressed, with postorbital constriction. 



Mesopropitliecus Standing. Dental formula as in Falaeopropithecus, but 

 cranium rounded and relatively larger. 



Suborder B. ANTHROPOIDEA Mivart (Simiida). Apes.^ 



Plantigrade, land or arboreal quadrupeds, walking either on the sole or external 

 border of the foot, with opposable pollex and hallux. Except in the Hapalidae, all 

 terminal phalanges flattened and provided with nails. Dentition nearly complete, with 

 but two pairs of incisor teeth and a small diastema. Cheek teeth bunodont, as a ride 

 quadritubercidar above and below ; superior molars sometimes tritubercular. Orbits 

 directed forward, separated posteriorly from the temporal fossa by a bony wall. 

 Lachrymal foramen lying within the orbit. Brain large, strongly convoluted. Two 

 pectoral mammae. 



The apes chiefly inhabit the tropical regions of Africa, Asia and America. 

 A single species lives on the Rock of Gibraltar. Fossil apes first appear in 

 the Oligocene of Egypt, are known from the Middle Miocene of Europe and 

 are found sparingly in the later Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene of Europe, 

 southern Asia and northern Africa. South America also furnishes Tertiary 

 and Pleistocene forms, which include the existing Cebidae and Hapalidae 

 (Platyrhini) of that region. 



In size and external appearance the apes show extraordinary diversity. 

 While the lowest and smallest forms still closely resemble the lemurs, in the 

 structure of the entire body the highest and largest types are anthropoid. 



The skull has a very spacious brain-cavity ; the deeply convoluted hemi- 

 spheres of the cerebrum almost entirely cover the cerebellum, and in size and 

 abundance of convolutions are inferior only to those in man. The large 

 subcircular orbits are directed forward, and posteriorly are separated from 

 the temporal fossa by a bony plate formed by the ascending portion of the 



^ Ameghino, F., Les Formations sedimentaires de Patagonie. Anal. Museo Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 1906. — Beyrich, C, tJber Semnopithecus pentelicus. Abh. Berlin Akad., 1860. — Boule, 31., 

 Singes fossiles de I'lnde. L'Anthropologie, vol. xxvi., 1915. — Branco, W., Die meuschenahn- 

 lichen Zahne aus den Bohnerzen der^schwiibischen Alb. Jahresli. Ver. Vaterl. Naturkunde 

 in Wtirttemberg, 1898. — Dubois, E., Uber drei ausgestorbene Menschenaffen. N, Jahrb. fiir 

 Mineral., 1897, vol. i. — Gaudry, A., Le Dryopitheque. Mem. Soc. Geol. France. Palaeontol., 

 1890, vol. i.—Harle, Ed., Une Machoire de Dryopitheque. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 1898. — 

 Nouvelles pieces de Dryopitheque. Ibid., 1899. — Lydekker, R., Palaeontologia Indica, 10. ser. 

 vol. iv. Siwalik Mammalia. Suppl. L. 1886. — Pilgrim, 6. E., New Siwalik Primates. Rec. 

 Geol. Surv. India, vol. xlv., 1915. — Ristori, G., Scimmie fossili italiane. Boll. Comitato Geo). Ital., 

 1890. — Schlosser, M., Beitr. z. Kenntnis der Saiigetiere aus den suddeutsch. Bohnerzen. Geol. 

 u. Palaont. Abh., Jena, 1902. — Die neueste Literatur liber die ausgestorbenen Anthropomorphen. 

 Zool. Anzeig., 1900. — Die menschenahnlichen Zahne aus den Bohnerzen der schwabischen Alb. 

 Zool. Anz., 1901. — Schwalbe,^ G., Oreopithecus. Zeitschr. f. Morph. u. Anthrop., vol. xix., 1915.— 

 Stromer, E., Wirbeltierreste aus dem Mittelpliocan des Natrontales (Agypten). Zeitschr. Deutsch. 

 Geol. Ges., 1913. — Wagner, A., A.hh. K. Bay. Akad., II. CI., vol. iii.. 1. Abth. vol. vii. 2. Abth. 

 vol. viii. 1. Abth. — Woodtoard, A. S., Dryopithecus. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. Ixx., 1914. 



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