SUBORDER B 



ANTHROPOIDEA 



275 



The apes are divided into five families, the Hapalidae, Cebidae, Parapithe- 

 cidae, Cynopithecidae and Simiidae. The last two belong to the Old World 

 and are characterised by a narrow nasal septum with narial apertures 

 directed forward (Catarhini GeofFroy). The two first-named families inhabit 

 South America ; their narial openings are directed laterally (Platyrhini 

 GeofFroy). Fossil remains of all families also exist, yet only in moderate 

 numbers and usually in very imperfect preservation. 



Family 1. Hapalidae Wagner. Marmosets. 



Dental formtda 



2.1.3.2. 



The two superior molars tritubercular, internal 



2.1.3.2. 



tubercle ^ -shaped. Superior premolars broader than long, with pointed external and 

 internal cusps. Inferior molars quadritubercidar, the posterior pair of cusps lower 

 than the anterior ones. Canine strongly protuberant. Skull roundish ; orbits rela- 

 tively small. With the exception of the hallux, all digits on both extremities furnished 

 with claws. Tail longer than the entire body. 



The single genus Hapale Illiger inhabits tropical South America. It was 

 divided by GeofFroy into two subgenera Jacchus and Midas. Lund found two 

 fossil species of the former in Brazilian caves. 



Family 2. Cebidae Swainson. 



Dental formida : 

 Premolars bicuspid. 



2.1.3.3. 



2.1.3.3 



All digits with nails. 



Superior and inferior 

 Tail long. 



molars quadritubercular. 



Living in tropical South America and Central America. Fossil in the 

 Tertiary and Pleistocene of South America. 



Homunculus Ameghino (Ecphantodon Mercerat) (Fig. 359). Diastema very 

 small. Canine but slightly protuberant, with 

 basal conule on the posterior side. The single- 

 rooted premolars with low external cusp and 

 two internal conules developed from the basal 

 cingulum. Molars subquadrate, with two pairs 

 of tubercles united by oblique transverse ridges ; 

 first molar somewhat smaller than the two 

 posterior cheek teeth. Humerus with entepi- 

 condylar foramen. Upper Miocene ; Santa Cruz, 

 Patagonia. H. patagonicus Ameghino. 



1 Anthropops Ameghino ; ? Homocentrus and 

 Eudiastatus Ameghino. Santa Cruz. Pitheculus 

 Ameghino. Colpodon beds ; Patagonia. Pro- 

 topithecus Lund. Pleistocene ; Brazil. These 

 are based on very incomplete remains. 



Cebus Erxleben, Mycetes Illiger (Stentor GeofFroy), Callithrix Erxleben. 

 Living in South America. Fossil in bone caves of Brazil. 



Fig. 359. 



Homunculus patagonicus Ameghino. 

 Upper Miocene (Santa Cruz beds), 

 Patagonia. Skull, oblique left lateral 

 aspect. J/l- (After Ameghino.) 



