278 



PRIMATES 



ORDER X 



the Pliocene of Montpellier, and ilf. sivalensis Lydekker, from the Siwalik 

 deposits, India, are the oldest fossil representatives of this genus. A man- 

 dible, as well as various isolated teeth (Aidaxinus florentinus Cocchi) from 

 the Pliocene of Val d'Arno, was referred by Eistori to Inmts [Macacus). 

 A well-preserved palate of M. (Imms) suevicus was discovered by Hedinger in 

 Heppenloch, near Kirchheim, Wiirttemberg. In a rock-fissure of Montsanes, 

 Haute-Garonne, Harl6 found a fragment of a lower jaw of Macacus associated 

 with Pleistocene mammals. Several jaws of Macacus were found by Forsyth 

 Major near Cape Faro, Sardinia, and one lower jaw is known from Csarnota, 

 Hungary. M. pUocembs Owen is represented by one molar from Grays, Essex, 

 and the distal end of a humerus is known from the Forest Bed, Norfolk. 

 Macacus trarensis Pomel and M. proimms are from the Pleistocene, Algiers. 



Familj^ 5. Siraiidae. Anthropoid Apes. 



(Anthropomorphidae Amegliiiio.) 



Denial formula : 



2.1.2.3. 



Superior and inferior molars quadrituhercular, the 



2.1 2.3. 



internal cusps alternating with the external ones ; the first internal tubercle of the 

 superior molars always united with the external cusp. The last inferior molar either 

 without or with a rery weak talon. Premolars shorter than long, bicuspid. Canine 

 larger than second incisor. Skull with sagittal and occipital crests or with supra- 

 temporal ridge. Anterior extremities longer than those behind. Gait usually upright. 

 Tail absent. Ischiatic callosities present only in Hylobates. 



In their entire skeletal structure, the anthropoid apes approach nearest 

 to Man, and are distinguished from the remaining apes by their highly 



developed brain, the ability to 

 walk upright, not on the sole of 

 the foot, as in Man, but on the 

 external lateral margin ; further 

 by the more or less prominent 

 parietal and occipital crests, the 



Propliopithecuit hatckeli Sclilosser. Oligocepe, Fayuiii, 

 Egypt. LoAver jaw, outer aspect, and grinding surface 

 of teeth, i/i. (After Schlosser.) 



Fig. 304. 



Pliopilhecxis antiquus Blainv. sp. Upper Miocene, 

 Steiermark. Left upper jaw, palatal aspect, l/i- 



high spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae, and the absence of a tail. 

 The dentition also approximates to that of Man by the truncation of the 

 cusps on the molars and by the disappearance of the talon on the last inferior 

 cheek tooth ; it is distinguished from that in Man by the stronger develop- 

 ment of the canines. 



Propliopifhecus Schlosser (Fig. 363). Lower jaw high, the horizontal 

 ramus with parallel borders. Incisors and canines small and upright. 



