300 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAMMALS 



and Squalodontidae, but also numerous modern toothed whales, among which are 

 Physodon, Acrodelphis, Cyrtodelphis and Delphinus, besides even a whalebone 

 whale, Pksiocetus. Seals also — Phoca — now appear. 



While the faunas of the Eocene and Oligocene, and even of the Lower 

 Miocene, are on the whole restricted to very few localities, the fauna of 

 the Upper Miocene is spread over almost the whole of middle Europe, and 

 is found also near Lisbon and Madrid and in southern Russia. It will suffice 

 to mention, among the numerous localities, only Sansan (Gers), La Grive St. 

 Alban (Isere), Steinheim, Georgensgmiind, Oeningen, the Bavarian-Swabian 

 upland, the lignites of Steiermark, and the land-snail limestone of Oppeln 

 in Silesia. From the Lower Miocene there survive almost unchanged the 

 Amphicyoninae, Viverridae and Miistelidae ; but there also appear now fore- 

 runners of Meles — Trochidis — true hears— -Ursavus — and especially numerous 

 Felidae, Machairodus, as well as true Felis. The rodents, bats and insectivores 

 are essentially the successors of the genera occurring in the Lower Miocene, 

 and the only new genus is Galerix, which is represented almost everywhere. 

 Among the artiodactyls, although they are very numerous, there are only small 

 accessions, such as primitive antelopes with a deer-like dentition, and Hyae- 

 moschus, which in some ways replaces the extinct Caenotheriidae and Brachyodns. 

 On the other hand, numerous species of Palaeomeryx of different sizes, among 

 which the small and medium-sized forms are now also provided with antlers, 

 seem to be only further developments of the various Lower Miocene species of 

 Amphitragulus. Among Suidae also there is a direct genetic connection with 

 earlier forms, for Hyotherium and the genus Sus, which appears here for 

 the first time, are the descendants of Palaeochoerus, while Listriodon is descended 

 from Doliochoerus. Among the perissodactyls, Chalicotherium, the tapirs, and 

 Aceratherium are easily derivable from Lower Miocene forms ; and Brachy- 

 fotherium and Ceratm-hinus have at least forerunners in the Middle Miocene, 

 where also, as we have seen, AnchUherium is recognisable for the first time. In 

 the Middle Miocene there must also have been a slight immigration from 

 a hitherto unknown region, which, however, was likewise in connection with 

 North America. To this region Europe owes the immigration of the perisso- 

 dactyls already mentioned, besides the Felidae and the genus Galerix. On the 

 other hand, the Proboscidea, Tetrabelodon and Dinotherium, arriving at the same 

 time, as well as the apes, Pliopithecus, can only have come from Africa. 



Pliocene. 



If the Upper Miocene mammal fauna has a wide distribution in Europe, 

 this is still further the case with that of the Lower Pliocene or Pontian 

 stage. In south German}', indeed, except at Eppelsheim, near Worms, and in 

 certain Bohnerzen of the Swabian Alps, no remains of mammals have been 

 left; in France also, such are known only from Cucuron and Mont Leberon 

 (Vaucluse) and from the neighbourhood of Lyons; but it is probably very 

 widely spread over the Spanish peninsula — it is known from the region 

 of Lisbon as well as from Concud, in the province of Teruel — while in Eastern 

 Europe remains of this fauna are found from the Vienna basin as far as south 

 Russia, and even in Roumania. It is especially well developed in Greece, at 

 Pikermi in Attica ; in the western end of Asia Minor — the island of Samos ; 

 and in western Persia, at Maragha ; but the farther east the localities, the 



