3i8 



HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. 



and Goats. Thus the Palceoreas of the Upper Miocene of 

 Greece may be regarded as a genuine Antelope ; but the 



Fig. 244. — a. Skull of Hippopotamus Sivalensis, viewed from below, one-eighth of the 

 natural siz^ ; b. Molar tooth of the same, showing the surface of the crown, one-half of 

 the natural size ; c. Front of the lower jaw of the same, showing the six incisors and the 

 tusk-like canines, one-eighth of the natural size. Upper Miocene, Siwalik Hills. (After 

 Falconer and Cautley.) . 



Tragocej'as of the same deposit is intermediate in its characters 

 between the typical Antelopes and the Goats. Perhaps the 

 most remarkable, however, of these Miocene Ruminants is the 

 Sivathe7'mm giganteu7n (fig. 245) of the Siwalik Hills, in India. 

 In this extraordinary animal there were two pairs of horns, 

 supported by bony " horn-cores," so that there can be no 

 hesitation in referring Sivathermm to the Cavicorn Rumin- 

 ants. If all these horns had been simple, there would have 

 been no difficulty in considering Sivatherium as simply a 

 gigantic four-horned Antelope, essentially similar to the living 

 Antilope {Tet?'ace7'os) quad7-icornis of India. The hinder pair 

 of horns, however, is not only much larger than the front pair, 

 but each possesses two branches or snags — a peculiarity not to 

 be paralleled amongst any existing Antelope, save the abnormal 

 Prongbuck {A7itilocapra) of North America. Dr Murie, how- 

 ever, in an admirable roemoir on the structure and relationships 



