FAUNA OF THE POST-PLIOCENE. 359 



schatka, and the Stanovi Mountains (Dawkins). It occurs in 

 the Pre-Glacial forest-bed of Cromer in Norfolk, survived the 



Fig. 267. — Molar tooth of the Mammoth {Elephas priinigenius), upper jaw, right side, 

 one-third of the natural size, a, Grinding surface ; b, Side view. Post- Pliocene. 



Glacial period, and is found abundantly in Post- Glacial de- 

 posits in France, Germany, Britain, Russia in Europe, Asia, 

 and North America, being often associated with the Reindeer, 

 Lemming, and Musk-ox. That it survived into the earlier 

 portion of the human period is unquestionable, its remains 

 having been found in a great number of instances associated 

 with implements of human manufacture ; whilst in one instance 

 a recognisable portrait of it has been discovered, carved on 

 bone. 



Amongst other Elephants which occur in Post-Pliocene de- 

 posits may be mentioned, as of special interest, the pigmy 

 Elephants of Malta. One of these — the Elephas Melitensis^ or 

 so-called "Donkey-Elephant" — was not more than four and 

 a half feet in height. The other — the Elephas Falconeri, of 

 Busk — was still smaller, its average height at the withers not 

 exceeding two and a half to three feet. 



Whilst herbivorous animals abounded during the Post- 

 Pliocene, we have ample evidence of the coexistence with 

 them of a number of Carnivorous forms, both in the New and 

 the Old World. The Bears are represented in Europe by at 

 least three species, two of which — namely, the great Grizzly 

 Bear {Ursus ferox) and the smaller Brown Bear [Urszis arctos) 

 — are in existence at the present day. The third specie si's the 



