64 CARBUNCLE. 



Carbunclk. The name given by jew- 

 ellers to the variety of precious Garnet (Py- 

 rope) which is cut en cnbochon. It is also 

 one of the stones to Avhich the ancients gave 

 the same name, the Carbunculus Garaman- 

 ticu«, or Carthaginian Carbuncle, being the 

 Garnet of the moderns, 



M.P.G. Horse-shoe Case, Nos. 894 to 

 896. 



Carbtjket of Iron. See Graphite. 



Carinthink. a ferruginous and alumin- 

 ous Hornblende from Carinthia. S.G. 

 3-127. 



Brit. Mus., Case 33. 



Carinthite. See Wuleenite. 



Carmine Spar, Carminite, Carimin- 

 SPATH, Sandberger. An anhydrous arsenate 

 of Lead and Iron, occuring in tine needles, 

 and in spheroidal forms with a columnar 

 structure. Colour carmine to tile-red, trans- 

 lucent, with a vitreous lustre, which is pear- 

 ly on the planes of cleavage. Brittle. 

 Affords a reddish-yellow powder. S.G. 4-1. 



Analysis by Sandberger : 



Arsenic acid . . . 49"11 



Peroxide of iron . . . 30*29 

 Oxide of lead . . . 24-55 



103-95 

 BB on charcoal fuses readily to a steel-grey 

 globule, giving off arsenical fumes ; with 

 soda yields a globule of lead ; and an iron 

 reaction with borax. 



Locality. Horhausen in Saxony, in 

 Quartz and Brown Iron-ore. 



Carnallite, H. Rose. A salt more so- 

 luble than common salt, found crystallized 

 in the mother-water of salt-works at Stass- 

 furth, in Prussia. It occurs in coarsely gra- 

 nular masses, slightly coloured red by oxide 

 of iron. Deliquescent. Lustre very greasy. 

 Fracture conchoidal. 



Comp. 2Mg CI ^ K CI + 12H. 

 Analysis by Klaproih : 



Silica 45-25 



Alumina .... 36-50 

 Peroxide of iron . . . 2*75 

 Potash .... trace 



Water .... 1400 



98-50 



Locality. Eochlitz in Saxony. 



Name. From Caro (carnis) ^esA. 



Carnat, Breithaupt. A red variety of 

 Lithomarge. ; 



Carnelian. a variety of Chalcedony, 

 genei-ally of a clear bright red tint, and 

 passing into common Chalcedony through 

 greyish -red gradations. The colour is due 



CARNELIAN. 



to the presence of iron, Heintz having found, 



by analysis, Carnelian to contain per cent 



Peroxide of iron . . . 050 



Alumina . . . . 0-081 



Magnesia .... 0-028 



Potash 0-0043 



Soda 0-075 



The gradation from red to white Carne- 

 lian is, insensibly, through flesh-red and 

 blood-red more or less mixed with brown 

 to orange and various tints of yellow. The 

 best specimens are of a perfectly uniform 

 colour, free from undulations and the muddi- 

 ness to which European specimens are liable. 



Carnelian is susceptible of a high polish, 

 and, for that reason, and the brightness of 

 its colour, it has always been a favourite 

 substance, much used for seals, brooches, 

 rings, necklaces, &c., both in ancient and 

 modern times. 



"Generally, all Rubies be verie hard for 

 to be cut, & this ill qualitie they have, 

 That they never doe scale cleane, but ordi- 

 narily plucke some of the wax away with 

 the signet: contrariwise, the Cornalline or 

 Sarda, signeth verie faire without anj^ of 

 the wax sticking to it. 



"In old time, there was not a pretious 

 stone in greater request, than the Cornal- 

 line : and in truth, Menander and Philemon 

 have named this stone in their Comoedies, 

 for a brave and proud gem : neither can we 

 find a pretious stone that maintaineth the 

 lustre longer than it, against any humour 

 wherein it is drenched ; and yet oile is more 

 contrarie unto it than any other liquor. To 

 conclude, those that •be of the colour of 

 honey are rejected for nought; howbeit, if 

 they resemble the colour of earthen pots, 

 they be worse than those." — Pliny, book 

 xxxviii. chap. 7, 



Forbes states that Carnelians, Agates, and 

 the beautifully variegated stones impro- 

 perly called Mocha-stones, form a valuable 

 part of the trade of Cambay, to which place 

 the art of cutting and polishing these stones 

 seems to be exclusively confined. 



" The best Agates and Carnelians," he 

 adds, " are found in peculiar strata, thirty 

 feet under the surface of the earth, in a small 

 tract among the Rajpipla hills, on the banks 

 of the Nerbudda : they are not to be met 

 with in any other part of Guzerat, and are 

 generally cut and polished in Cambay.* 

 On being taken from their native bed, they 

 are exposed to the heat of the sun for two 

 years : the longer they remain in that situa- 



* The revenue derived from these mines has 

 greatly fallen ofT of late years, and they scarcely 

 yield now 1000 rupees per annum. 



