Cn. XIY.] SUBAPENNINE STRATA. 173 



and which, though now living in our seas, are all wanting in the Pleisto- 

 cene or glacial deposits. They must therefore, after their migration to 

 the south, which took place during the glacial period, have made their 

 way northwards again. In corroboration of these views, it is stated that 

 all these fifty species occur fossil in the Newer Pliocene strata of Sicily, 

 Southern Italy, and the Grecian Archipelago, where they may have en- 

 joyed, during the era of floating icebergs, a climate resembling that now 

 prevailing in higher European latitudes.* 



In the Red Crag at Felixstov/, in SutFolk, Professor Henslow has found 

 the ear-bones of one or more species of cetacea, which, according to Prof. 

 Owen, are the remains of true whales of the family Balcenidce (fig. 159). 

 Mr. Wood is of opinion that these cetacea may be of the age of the Red 

 Crag, or if not, that they may be derived from the destrucf on of beds of 

 Coralline Crag. 



Antiverp. — Strata of the same age as the Red and Coralline Crag of 

 Suffolk have been long known in the country round Antwerp and on the 

 banks of the Scheldt, below that city. More than 200 species of testacea 



Fig. 159. Fig. 160. 



Tympanic bone of Balcetia emarginaia, Lingula Dumortieri, Nyst; 



Owen ; Ked Crag, Felixstow. Antwerp Crag. 



have been collected by MM. De Wael, Nyst, and others, of which two- 

 thirds have been identified with Suffolk fossils by Mr. Wood. Among 

 these he recognizes Lingula Dumortieri of Nyst (fig. 160), which I found 

 in abundance at Antwerp in 1851, in what is called by M. de Wael the 

 middle crag. More than half of the shells of this Antwerp deposit agree 

 with living species, and these belong in great part to the fauna of our 

 northern seas, though some Mediterranean species are not wanting. I 

 also met with numerous cetacean bones of the genera Balcenoptera and 

 Ziphius in the same formation. They are not at all rolled, as if washed 

 out of older beds, and I infer that the animals to which they belonged 

 once coexisted in the same sea with the associated moUusca.f 



Normandy. — I observed in 1840 a small patch of shells corresponding 

 to those of the Suftblk Crag, near Valognes, in Normandy ; and there is 

 a deposit containing similar fossils at St. George Bohon, and several places 

 a few leagues to the S. of Carentan, in Normandy ; but they have never 

 been traced farther southwards. 



Suhapennine strata. — The Apennines, it is well known, are composed 

 chiefly of secondary rocks, forming a chain which branches off from the 

 Ligurian Alps and passes down the middle of the Italian peninsula. At 



* E. Forbes, Mem. Geol. Survey, Gt. Brit. vol. i. 386. 



I Lyell on Belgian Tertiaries. Quai't. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1852, p. 382. 



