POLITICAL HISTORY OF PERU. 
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and took part in the affray, which was quite unlooked for, as they 
had generally been in the habit of retiring to their houses, and 
allowing the contending parties to settle the strife. In a few days 
they rose upon the soldiers of Bermudez, whom they compelled to 
evacuate the city and retire beyond the mountains, where they soon 
after capitulated, and Orbejoso's authority was re-established. Ga- 
marra fled to Bolivia, and was protected by Santa Cruz. 
During this insurrection, Lafuente again returned to Peru, and, 
being detected or suspected of intriguing to get himself named 
President, was banished by Orbejoso. He retired to Chili to await 
events. 
In February, 1835, during Orbejoso's absence to the south, General 
Salaverry, who was in command of the Castle at Callao, revolted, 
seized upon the government, and declared himself supreme chief. In 
June he issued a decree appointing a council of state, consisting of 
twenty-four members, of which he was president, and began to 
exercise the most despotic authority. Orbejoso had, in the mean 
time, sent to demand aid of Santa Cruz to put the insurrection down. 
The council of government had during the previous rebellion of 
Bermudez, invested Orbejoso with extraordinary powers, especially 
authorizing him to call upon Santa Cruz, President of Bolivia, for aid 
to quell the insurrection in Peru; but Bermudez had capitulated 
before Santa Cruz was called upon to act. After the rebellion of 
Salaverry, Orbejoso assumed those powers. In the mean time Sala- 
verry went on committing acts of cruelty and oppression. 
Gamarra, always on the watch, now made his appearance, in the 
hopes of again raising himself to power. He had fled from Bolivia, 
and had collected about fifteen hundred men, to make war upon 
Orbejoso, when he issued a proclamation in May, 1835. Sala- 
verry, however, knowing that Gamarra was entirely influenced by 
interested motives, declared him an outlaw, and prepared to march 
against him; but on learning that Santa Cruz was marching on Peru 
with three thousand Bolivian troops, he immediately treated with 
Gamarra, and they agreed to act together against Orbejoso and his 
new ally. Before they could unite their forces, Santa Cruz attacked 
and completely routed Gamarra's troops, who fled almost alone to 
Lima, where Salaverry soon after arrested him and sent him to Cen- 
tral America, whence he proceeded to Chili, to carry on his intrigues 
to keep Peru in a state of civil war. Salaverry now marched against 
Santa Cruz ; they met near Arequipa, and the battle of Socabaya was 
