blue and the apex half white. Upon the blue 

 is placed a crowned anchor, proclaiming the 

 government and the navy. 



750. Italy's royal standard consists of a 

 square blue field on which is centered the na- 

 tional coat-of-arms. A crown appears in each 

 corner of the flag outside the encircling collar 

 of the Annunciation. Within this collar is a 

 crowned black spread-eagle on blue. On its 

 breast is an oval shield bearing a silver cross 

 on a red ground, the arms of Savoy (see also 

 1181). The collar itself is composed of a se- 

 ries of red and white roses and the letters 

 F. E. R. T., meaning "Fortitudo ejus Rhodum 

 tenuit" (His firmness held Rhodes), this being 

 a tribute to Amadeus the Great from the 

 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, in 1310, for 

 his help against the Saracens at the siege of 

 Rhodes. The pendant of the collar of the An- 

 nunciation bears a design representing that 

 holy event. 



751. When Napoleon made the northern 

 provinces of Italy into a kingdom, in 1805, he 

 gave it a flag of three colors — green next to 

 the flagstaff, white in the middle, and red at 

 the fly end. This flag disappeared when Na- 

 poleon was overthrown, but was revived when 

 Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia and a 

 representative of the house of Savoy, became 

 king. Today Italy's ensign consists of the 

 Savoy arms, surmounted by a crown, on the 

 central white vertical stripe of Napoleon's 

 green, white, and red. 



752. The Italian merchant flag is an exact 

 duplicate of the ensign, with the exception that 

 the crown is omitted above the arms. 



753. The flag of the Governor of Eritrea, 

 the Italian colony in Africa, consists of a white 

 field upon which are imposed the arms and 

 crown of Italy. 



754. The flag of the Emperor of Japan con- 

 sists of a red field upon which is centered a 

 golden representation of the yellow chrysan- 

 themum. It is essential that the flower should 

 invariably have sixteen petals. While the use 

 of this flower as a badge is not necessarily 

 confined to the imperial family, its members 

 alone have the right to vise the sixteen-petalled 

 form. If used by any other family, society, 

 or corporation, it must be with a number of 

 petals less or more than sixteen. 



755. The flag of the Japanese crown prince 

 is like that of the emperor, except that the 

 chrysanthemum is centered in a rectangle 

 formed by a line of white on the red field of 

 tlie flag. 



756. The Japanese ensign consists of a ris- 

 ing sun, slightly to the left of the center of a 

 white field, with rays radiating to all points of 

 the compass. Both the sun and the rays are 

 red, and the device is generally known as the 

 sunburst. 



757. The Japanese merchant flag is white, 

 of rectangular form, with a rayless red sun in 

 the center, its diameter approximately half the 

 width of the field. 



758. The Japanese guard flag is of white, 

 with two horizontal parallel dancetty lines in 

 red across it. A "dancetty"' line is zigzag, re- 

 sembling the "worm" of a rail fence, with deep 

 indentations. 



759- The Japanese transport flag is identical 

 with the Japanese guard flag, with the excep- 



tion that the dancetty lines are blue instead of 

 red. 



760. The Japanese commanding officer's flag 

 is a swallow-tail white, with the red sun and 

 four rays, two vertical and two horizontal. 



761. This flag, flown by all ships under 

 Japanese registry carrying mail, consists of a 

 white field with two horizontal red stripes, 

 separated by a narrower white stripe occupy- 

 ing the upper half. The lower half is quar- 

 tered by a red stripe, which, with the lower of 

 the two horizontal red stripes, forms a T- 

 square. 



762. The flag which distinguishes a Japa- 

 nese repair ship is the same as that displayed 

 by a transport, with the exception that the bot- 

 tom and top of the white field are bordered 

 with red stripes. 



763. In 1910 the Kingdom of Korea was 

 abolished by Japan, whose influence in this ter- 

 ritory had been recognized as paramount by 

 the treaty which ended the Russo-Japanese 

 War. The name of Chosen was given the 

 State, and the red and white of the Japanese 

 ensign were utilized in the flag adopted. 



764. The national ensign of Liberia, which 

 is also the merchant flag, has eleven horizontal 

 stripes of red and white, red at the top and 

 bottom, with the blue canton in the upper cor- 

 ner next to the flagstaff, on which is super- 

 imposed a large white star. This flag was 

 adopted at the time the Republic of Liberia 

 was established, in 1847, by colonists from 

 America. 



765. The flag of the President of Liberia 

 consists of a square blue standard upon which 

 is imposed a shield containing the red and 

 white stripes of the national colors, and above 

 it the five-pointed star of the republic. 



766. The coat-of-arms of Liechtenstein (see 

 767) consists of a shield imposed upon the 

 mantle of the Prince of the Holy Roman 

 Empire, with his crown forming the crest. On 

 the escutcheon, which is quartered, are the 

 arms of Silesia for Ritberg; the second quar- 

 ter of the shield, with its six stripes of red 

 and gold, and green crown of rue cutting them 

 diagonally, represents Khuenring; the third 

 quarter, half red and half silver, is for Trop- 

 pau; the fourth quarter, of gold, with its black 

 harpy crowned, represents East Frisia. At the 

 point of the shield in blue is a golden hunting 

 horn, representing Jagerndorf; the small red 

 and gold shield in the center, imposed upon all 

 four quarters, represents Liechtenstein itself. 



767. With its field shared by yellow and 

 red, the latter occupying the lower half, the 

 national banner of the principality of Liechten- 

 stein flies over a nation having an area of 65 

 square miles. This miniature principality lies 

 between Austria and Switzerland. It consists 

 of Schellenberg and Vaduz, formerly fiefs of 

 the Roman Empire. Schellenberg in 1699 and 

 Vaduz in 1712 came into the possession of the 

 House of Liechtenstein and were set up as a 

 principality by Emperor Carl VI in 1719. After 

 the break-up of the empire in 1806, the princi- 

 pality was incorporated in the Rhine Confed- 

 eration. When the map of Europe was remade 

 after the Napoleonic wars, it became a part of 

 the German Confederation and remained so 

 from that time until 1866, when the Confedera- 

 tion broke up. Since then it has not joined 



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