itself with any other nation. There is no pub- 

 lic debt and the inhabitants have not been 

 liable to military service since 1867. 



768. With its tricolor of red, white, and 

 blue in three horizontal bars, red at the top 

 and blue at the bottom, the flag of Luxemburg 

 flies over a country that did not raise a hand 

 to check the invader in 1914. An alien army 

 now passes over its soil at will and unresented. 

 The population of Luxemburg is approximately 

 260,000, and it is governed by a reigning Grand 

 Duchess and a Chamber of Deputies. The 

 Grand Duchy was included from 1815 to 1866 

 in the Germanic Confederation. By the treaty 

 of London in 1867 it was declared neutral ter- 

 ritory and its integrity and independence were 

 guaranteed. 



769. The Prince of Monaco flies a flag con- 

 sisting of a white field upon which is a crowned 

 shield, covered with lozenge-shaped figures of 

 red and silver, surrounded by the collar of the 

 order of St. Charles, instituted in 1863. The 

 shield bears as a pendant a Maltese cross. The 

 supporters are two monks with swords. The 

 motto placed over the shield is "Deo Juvante" 

 (God Helping). 



MONACO— SMALLEST NATION ON EARTH 



770. The red and white flag of Monaco 

 floats over the smallest nation on earth. The 

 entire area of the territory, whose symbol of 

 authority it is, is only eight square miles. Al- 

 though it is smallest in area, there are three 

 smaller in population. It has 23,000 inhabit- 

 ants, as compared with 5,231 for Andorra, 

 10,716 for Liechtenstein, and 11,513 for San 

 Marino. Monaco is a small principality on the 

 Mediterranean, surrounded by the French de- 

 partment of Alpes-Maritime, except on the side 

 toward the sea. After 968 A. D. it belonged 

 to the house of Grimaldi. The reigning prince 

 was dispossessed during the French Revolu- 

 tion, in 1792, and died in 1795. In 1814 the 

 principality was reestablished, but placed under 

 the protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia by 

 the treaty of Vienna in 1815. In 1848 the towns 

 of Mentone and Roccabruna (now known as 

 Roquebrune) revolted and declared themselves 

 free. The prince thereupon ceded his rights 

 over them to France and the principality thus 

 became geographically an enclave of France, 

 when the Sardinian garrison was withdrawn 

 and the protectorate established in 1815 ended. 

 The prince was an absolute ruler until 191 1, 

 when a representative government was set up. 



771. The State flag of Montenegro has a 

 red field bordered with white. In the center 

 is the royal coat-of-arms, with its double- 

 headed spread-eagle in silver and holding in 

 its talons a scepter and an orb. A small shield 

 on the breast of the bird contains the letters 

 "H I," and underneath the eagle is a golden 

 lion passant. The initial H is the Montene- 

 grin N and refers to Nicholas, the King. "I" 

 is the Roman numeral, the letters together 

 standing for Nicholas I. 



772. The military standard of Montenegro 

 consists of a square field of red bordered with 

 white, a Greek cross centered upon the red. 

 The cross bears at its intersection the "H I" 

 of the Montenegrin coat-of-arms. 



773. The naval flag of Montenegro is a tri- 

 color with red at the top, blue in the middle, 

 and white at the bottom in horizontal stripes. 

 On the blue is a gold crown, below which are 

 the letters "H I." The merchant flag is the 

 same as the naval ensign, except that the letters 

 and crown are omitted. 



774. Morocco's flag now consists of a red 

 field upon which is imposed a five-pointed star 

 of striking design. This star proclaims the 

 passing of Turkish influence in Morocco. 

 Under the old regime the familiar crescent of 

 the Mohammedan world was borne on the Mo- 

 roccan flag where the star is now imposed. 

 The old flag of Morocco was red, bearing what 

 appeared to be scissors, but which were in 

 reality crossed yataghans. 



775. The national flag of the Netherlands 

 consists of three horizontal bars, red at the 

 top, blue at the bottom, and white between. ' It 

 is national flag, ensign, and merchant flag — all 

 in one. In the sixteenth century it was orange, 

 white, and blue, the orange being in honor of 

 William the Silent, Prince of Orange. Both 

 the victories of Van Tromp and De Reuter 

 were gained under the present colors (see 3/7)- 



776. The royal standard of the Netherlands 

 is buff quartered by a cross of blue. In each 

 buff quarter there is placed a hunter's horn in 

 blue, and upon the intersection of the cross is 

 the royal coat-of-arms, consisting of a blue 

 ground dotted with golden billets and bearing 

 a crowned golden lion rampant. The lion 

 grasps in one paw a naked sword and in the 

 other a cluster of arrows. The shield has for 

 its crest a crown. 



777. The standard of the Prince of Nether- 

 lands is the reverse of the royal standard 

 ( 1776) in its coloring. The cross is buff and 

 the quarters are blue. Instead of the hunter's 

 horns of the royal standard there are golden 

 lions like the lion of the coat-of-arms, which 

 appears in the center of the cross in both 

 standards. 



778. The flag of the Arabians, also typical 

 of Muscat and Zanzibar, is scarlet. Elsewhere 

 the red flag is the emblem of mutiny and dis- 

 order, and was carried recently by the Revo- 

 lutionists of Russia during the eventful days 

 which marked the overthrow of the Romanoff 

 dynasty and the establishment of a republican 

 form of government. The red flag was a 

 widely used national emblem two centuries 

 ago, Spain, Venice, Genoa, Tetuan, Salle}-, and 

 Camphen being partial to it (see 1141, 1188, 

 1193, and 1194). 



779. The Governors of Surinam and Cura- 

 cao bear a flag which has the national colors 

 of the Netherlands, with the addition of two 

 white disks in the red stripe near the staff. 



780. The merchant reserve of the Nether- 

 lands bears a flag which is like the national 

 ensign, except that an anchor and a crown are 

 imposed upon the middle of the white bar. In 

 order to make room for these, an arc is cut out 

 of the blue stripe at the bottom and the red 

 stripe at the top and the white stripe enlarged 

 accordingly. 



781. The ensign of the Governor General 

 of the Dutch East Indies is a triangular swal- 

 low-tail pennant showing the national colors 

 of the Netherlands and attached to the flag- 

 staff by the means of a toggle. 



375 



