803. The flag of the Russian admiralty con- 

 sists of four anchors interlocked and arranged 

 in the form of a St. Andrew's cross. 



804. The flag of the Commander-in-Chief 

 of the Russian Navy is flown only while the 

 country is at war. It consists of a white field 

 upon which is imposed the blue cross of St. 

 Andrew, the upper quarter nearest the staff 

 being occupied by a canton consisting of a 

 white-bordered blue cross of St. Andrew and 

 a white St. George's cross on a red field. A 

 blue anchor is centered in a white field im- 

 posed upon the insection of the crosses. 



805. The flag of Russia's Minister of War 

 consists of a white field with a red canton on 

 which is imposed the blue cross of St. Andrew 

 and the white cross of St. George. Here again 

 the Russians reverse the British in their in- 

 signia, the latter placing the scarlet cross of 

 St. George on a field of white, while the Rus- 

 sians place a white cross on a field of scarlet. 

 Below the canton appears the shield with 

 crossed muskets and cannons. 



806. The flag of Russia's aeronautic service 

 is like that of the Minister of War, except that 

 the fly is shorter and the shield in the lower 

 left-hand corner is omitted, while a red-winged 

 anchor is added in the lower right-hand corner. 



807. The royal standard of Serbia consists 

 of a field of red, blue, and white, surrounded 

 by an indented border of the same colors. 

 Upon the field, which is square, is centered the 

 coat-of-arms of the country. This consists of 

 a red shield within a crowned ermine canopy. 

 The shield bears a silver eagle displayed, hav- 

 ing upon its breast another shield with a silver 

 cross and the date 1804. The supports are two 

 natives holding flags of the colors, while the 

 motto is "Spes mihi prima Deus" (My hope is 

 God first of all). 



808. The Serbian merchant flag is red, blue, 

 and white, like the Russian merchant flag in- 

 verted. The latter flown as a signal of distress 

 might be mistaken for the Serbian merchant 

 emblem normally displayed. As Servia has no 

 seaport and no merchant navy, 808 is largely a 

 flag of hope for a navy. 



809. Russia's transport navy flies a blue flag 

 with a white canton upon which appears the 

 blue cross of St. Andrew. 



810. Russian transports employing civilian 

 crews fly a blue flag with a union next the 

 flagstaff in the upper corner, showing the 

 colors of the country. 



811. The flag of Siam consists of a scarlet 

 field on which is a white elephant. The ele- 

 phant is in full trappings and harness and 

 stands on a platform. In the upper corner 

 next the hoist appear a pagoda-crowned anchor 

 and a wheel. The elephant recalls the tradi- 

 tion of the founder of the nation. Before 

 Xacca, the reputed founder, was born, his 

 mother dreamed that she had given birth to a 

 white elephant. The Brahmans affirmed that 

 Xacca, after undergoing 80,000 reincarnations, 

 finally did actually become a white elephant, 

 and as such was received into the company of 

 the celestial deities. On this account the white 

 elephant is held a sacred beast, and the Siam- 

 ese rejoice to place themselves beneath so po- 

 tent a protector. 



812. The merchant flag of Siam now con- 

 sists of a field of five stripes — red, yellow, red, 



white, red. The central red stripe is broader 

 than the other four stripes, which are of equal 

 width. This flag replaces the old red flag upon 

 which was imposed the white elephant of 

 Siamese tradition without any trappings or 

 harness and without the anchor and wheel of 

 the national ensign. The merchant flag is of 

 recent origin. The flag book of the United 

 States Navy, published in 1914, and that of the 

 British Admiralty, published even more re- 

 cently, show the elephant flag instead of the 

 new striped one. 



813. The Siamese emblem of royal au- 

 thority, the royal standard, has an orange-hued 

 field upon which is represented an image of 

 the East, a man eagle. This standard is of 

 comparatively recent adoption. Formerly there 

 was used a blue flag having a red border. 

 Upon this was imposed the royal coat-of-arms, 

 which consisted of an escutcheon portraying a 

 three-headed elephant in the upper half and 

 the white elephant and crossed swords in the 

 two quarters of the lower half. 



814. This is the coat-of-arms of what 

 claims to be the oldest State in Europe — San 

 Marino. Next to Monaco, it is in area the 

 smallest independent country in the world. It 

 has thirty square miles of territory and a pop- 

 ulation of 11,513. The coat-of-arms consists 

 of three hills in gold upon a field of blue. 

 These hills are Monte Guiato, Monte Cucco, 

 and Monte Gista, each bearing a castle sur- 

 mounted by a plume. The shield has a gold 

 crown as a crest and is surrounded by branches 

 of laurel and oak united by a ribbon inscribed 

 with the word "Liberty." 



815. The merchant flag of San Marino, 

 which, though that of a belligerent, the little 

 republic having dared to declare war against 

 the Central Powers, has probably never yet 

 been encountered by a German submarine be- 

 cause, as may well be imagined, the merchant 

 navy of the mountain republic is not large. 



816. The ensign of the Republic of San 

 Marino consists of a field the upper part of 

 which is blue and the lower half white. The 

 coat-of-arms is centered on it. It is this flag 

 that the soldiers of San Marino carry when 

 they march to the aid of their ally, Italy. 



817. The royal standard of Spain proclaims 

 more of the glory of the empire that was than 

 of the country which now exists. It consists 

 of a purple field upon which is imposed the 

 Spanish coat-of-arms. This bears the lion of 

 Leon and the castle of Castile. It also bears 

 the arms of Aragon ; the device of Sicily; the 

 red and white stripes, which proclaim the arms 

 of Austria; oblique stripes of yellow and blue 

 within a red border, which tell of the flag of 

 ancient Burgundy ; the black lion on the golden 

 ground, which is the heraldic bearing of Flan- 

 ders ; the red eagle, which is the device of 

 Antwerp; the golden lion of Brabant: the 

 fleur-de-lis and checkers of ancient Burgundy; 

 the arms of Portugal, and the fleur-de-lis of 

 France. The whole is surrounded by the collar 

 of the Golden Fleece. 



818. The ensign of Spain is yellow, bor- 

 dered at the top and bottom by a stripe of red. 

 On the broad yellow stripe is an oval shield 

 bearing a crown and showing the arms of 

 Castile impaling Leon. 



819. The merchant flag of Spain consists of 



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