device is the royal crown, supported by two 

 lions regardant, each of them gold crowned". 

 The whole is upon a royal mantle, which, in 

 its turn, is crowned. 



998. The standard of the King of Saxony 

 reproduces part of the heraldic device found 

 in the arms of the ruling family, namely, a 

 green crown of rue cutting diagonally across 

 ten alternate black and gold bars. 



999. The flags of the maritime States of 

 Germany are black, white, and red, black at 

 the top and red at the bottom, with an anchor 

 and crown in the center, where the white stripe 

 is swelled out to accommodate them, and with 

 the badge of the respective States, 1003-1008, 

 inclusive, as a canton in the upper corner next 

 the staff. 



ioco. The imperial marine flag is like those 

 of the maritime States, except that the badge 

 is omitted. 



1001. The standard of the King of Wurtt- 

 emburg is yellow with three half horns of a 

 stag in black, antlered. In each of the four 

 corners of the standard is a crown. 



1002. The Grandduchy of Hesse has a 

 standard consisting of three horizontal stripes, 

 red at the top and bottom and white between, 

 with the white stripe larger than the others. 

 Upon the white stripe is a blue shield charged 

 with a lion having a forked tail and striped 

 with red and white. The standard has a crown 

 in each of its four corners. 



1003. This badge, with its black eagle, placed 

 as a canton on the flag of the German mari- 

 time States, proclaims that the ship flying it 

 belongs to Prussia. 



1004. .The badge of the free city of Bremen 

 is red and bears an antique key of silver. It 

 is crowned with gold. 



1005. Placed in the canton of the flag of 

 the maritime States of Germany, this badge 

 proclaims the authority of Oldenburg. On it 

 is a shield the first quarter of which, made up 

 of red and yellow stripes, represent Olden- 

 burg; the second quarter, a gold cross on blue, 

 represents Delmenhorst; the third quarter, a 

 golden cross surmounted by a miter on blue, 

 represents Lubeck ; the fourth quarter is 

 cheeky, of four rows of red and white, and 

 proclaims Birkenfeld. In the point of the 

 shield is a golden lion, representing Jever. 



1006. The badge of Hamburg is a red 

 square upon which is placed a castle having 

 three silver towers, over an anchor. 



1007. Mecklenburg's badge has a yellow 

 field upon which appears the head of a black 

 buffalo with red mouth, white horns, and 

 golden crown. 



1008. The badge of Lubeck has a black 

 double eagle displayed, its tongue, beak, and 

 claws red, and its breast charged with an es- 

 cutcheon halved in white and red. 



1009. When the flag of the imperial marine 

 of Germany omits the golden anchor and 

 crown from the middle stripe of white and 

 substitutes the crowned black eagle of the Em- 

 pire, it proclaims that the building or vessel 

 displaying it is under the jurisdiction of the 

 Foreign Office. 



1010. When the flag of the imperial marine 

 has this badge substituted for the anchor and 

 crown, it means that the ship or building dis- 



playing it is under the jurisdiction of the other 

 departments of the German Government. 



1011. This badge, in place of the anchor 

 and crown on the flag of the imperial marine 

 of Germany, transforms it into the flag of the 

 postal service of the Empire. 



1012. Merchant vessels in the naval reserve 

 of Germany bear the black, white, and red flag 

 of the German merchant marine, with the black 

 cross on the end next the staff. 



1013. The landes flag of Prussia consists of 

 a white field bordered at the top and bottom 

 with black and bearing on the half next the 

 staff the displayed black eagle of Prussia. 



1014. The flag of the German Governors of 

 East Africa and Kiao-Chau was the merchant 

 flag with the eagle of the Empire on the cen- 

 tral white stripe. The former colony has now 

 been practically conquered by British forces 

 and the Japanese have taken charge of Kiao- 

 Chau. 



1015. The flag of the commander-in-chief 

 of -the naval forces of Germany has a square 

 white field occupied by the black cross, with 

 guns arranged in the form of a saltire thereon. 



1016. The flag of the inspector general of 

 the German navy has a red-bordered white 

 field with the black cross quartering the white. 



1017. The ensign and merchant flag of 

 Turkey consists of a red field upon which is 

 imposed a white crescent moon and a five- 

 pointed star. The Turks adopted this device 

 when they captured Constantinople in 1463. It 

 originally was the symbol of Diana, who was 

 the patroness of Byzantium. When the Turks 

 adopted the crescent as a badge of triumph it 

 promptly fell into disuse in the western world, 

 and they secured a complete monopoly upon 

 it. Though originally a pagan symbol, it re- 

 mained throughout the rise and development 

 of the Greek Church a special mark of Con- 

 stantinople. Even to this day in Moscow and 

 other Russian cities the crescent and the cross 

 may be seen combined on the churches, the 

 object being to indicate the Byzantine origin 

 of the Orthodox Chitrch. The origin of this 

 quarter moon dates from the time of Emperor 

 Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. 

 While he was trying to take the city he set his 

 soldiers to work on a dark night to undermine 

 the walls, but the crescent moon appeared in 

 time to reveal the design to the people and 

 Philip was thwarted. In acknowledgment the 

 Byzantines erected a statue to Diana and made 

 the crescent moon the symbol of their city. 



1018. The personal flag of the Sultan of 

 Turkey, which corresponds to the royal stand- 

 ards of other monarchies, or the President's 

 flag in our own country, is scarlet and bears 

 in the center a device which changes with each 

 succession to the throne. This device, accord- 

 ing to tradition, originated in the fourteenth 

 century, when Sultan Murad, being unable to 

 write his name on a treaty, dipped his open 

 hand in ink and pressed it on the document. 

 In the spaces of the figure thus made the 

 scribes wrote his name, the title Khan, and the 

 epithet "Ever Victorious." Now, the name of 

 the reigning sovereign, within the same figure, 

 appears on the flag, surrounded by a rayed 

 halo of somewhat .starlike form. 



387 



