168 



FOREST AND STREAMS 



^JQfe& 



A WEEKLY JOURNAL, 

 Db voted to Field and Aqitatic Sports, Practical Natural History, 

 Fi~« ^t^.tttbe, THB Protection op Game,Pkeservation op Forests, 

 A2?D the Inculcation in Men and Women op a healthy interest 

 m Out-door Kecreatkxn and Study : 



PUBLISHED BY 



^atrni mi gtrtmq §ubUshmg $amp*tig, 



17 CHATHAM STKEET, (CITY HALL SQUARE) NEW YORK, 

 [Post Opptce Box 2832.1 

 • 127 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILADELPHIA. 



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Terms, Five Dollars a Year, Strictly in Advance. 



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Advertiging Rates. 



In regular advertising columns, nonpareil type, 12 lines to the inch, 25 

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 notices, 50 cents per line. Advertisements in double column 25 per cent. 

 extra. Where advertisements are inserted over 1 month, a discount of 

 10 per cent, will he made; over three months, 20 per cent; over nix 

 jnonths, 30 per cent. 



NEWYOBK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 21,1875. 



To Correspondents, 



» 



All communications whatever, whether relating to business or literary 

 ©orrespondence, must be addressed to The Forest and Stream Pub- 

 lishing Company. Personal or private letters of course excepted. 



All communications intended for publication must be accompanied with 

 real name, as a guaranty of good faith. Names will not be published if 

 objection be made. No anonymous contributions will be regarded. 



Articles relating to any topic within the scope of this paper are solicited. 



We cannot promise to return rejected manuscripts. 



Secretaries of Clubs and Associations are urged to favor us with brief 

 notes of their movements and transactions, as it is the aim of this paper 

 to become a medium of useful and reliable information between gentle- 

 men sportsmen from one end of the country to the other ; and they will 

 and our columns a desirable medium for advertising announcements. 



The Publishers of Forest and Stream aim to merit and secure the 

 patronage and countenance of that portion of the community whose re- 

 fined intelligence enables them to properly appreciate and enjoy all that 

 s beautiful in Nature. It will pander to no depraved tastes, nor pervert 

 the legitimate sports of land and water to those base uses which always 

 tend to make them unpopular with the virtuous and good. No advertise- 

 ment or business notice of an immoral character will be received on any 

 terms ; and nothing will be admitted to any department of the paper that 

 may not be read with propriety in the home circle. 



We cannot be responsible for the dereliction of the mail service, if 

 money remitted to us is lost. 



Advertisements should be sent in by Saturday of each week, if possible. 



CHARLES H ALLOCR, Editor. 



WILLIAM C. HARRIS, Business Manager. 



CALENDAR OF EVENTS FOR THE COM- 

 ING WEEK. 



Thursday, Oct. 21.— Racing— Baltimore, Md. Trotting— Deerfoot 

 Park, L. I. ; Indianola, Ind.; Goshen, N. Y.; Woodbury, N. J. Rifle— 

 Forest and Stream Badges, Conlin's, 930 Broadway. Base Ball— Bos- 

 ton vs. Chicago, at Boston; St. Louis vs. Hartford, at Hartford; Alaska 

 vs. Olympic, at Manhattan ville. 



Friday, Oct. 22.— Racing— Baltimore, Md. Trotting— Cambridge 

 City, Ind.; Lawrence, Mass. ; Washington, D. C. ; Goshen, N. Y. ; Deer- 

 foot Park, L. I. California Rifle Association Tournament commences. 

 Base Ball- -Boston vs. Chicago, at Boston; St. Louis vs. Mutual, at 

 Brooklyn. 



Saturday, Oct. 23 — Creedmoor— Hepburn Trophy Match. Base Ball 

 — Athletic vs. Philadelphia, at Philadelphia; St. Louis vs. Mutual, at 

 Brooklyn; Flyaway vs. Active, at Philadelphia. 



Monday, Oct. 25.— Trotting- Prospect Park, L. I. Tennessee State 

 Sportsmen's Association, Memphis; trap shooting. Rhode Island Hifle 

 Association. Base Ball— Hartford vs Chicago, at Hartford; St. Louis 

 vs. Mutual, at Brooklyn. 



Tuesday, Oct. 26.— Racing- -Washington, D. C. Trotting— Prospect 

 Park, L. I.; Pottsdam, Pa.. Tennessee State Sportsmen's Association, 

 Memphis; trap shooting. Creedmooi— Seventh Regiment "Rifles" 

 Match. Yachting— Mohawk vs. Dauntless. Base Ball— St. Louis vs. 

 Mutual, at Brooklyn; Hartford vs. Chicago, at Hartford. 



Wednesday, Oct. 37.— Racing— Washington, D. C. Trotting— Pros- 

 pect Park, L. I; Pottsville, Pa. Creedmoor— Morrison Medal. Base 

 Ball— Hartford vs. Chicago, at Hartford . 



Game Protection. — The Executive Committee of the 

 International Association for Protecting Game and Fish 

 will meet to-morrow, October 22d, at the Secretary's Office, 

 17 Chatham street, at 11 o'clock A. M. 



The critic of the Great Thunderer must be quite igno- 

 rant in regard to rifie shooting and its practice. In a late 

 number .of the London Times he naively states that "wind 

 lias of course less effect on a man when he is in a recum- 

 bent position, such as is assumed by riflemen when shoot- 

 ing at long- ranges." Wind, in this sense, must be appli- 

 cable to certain internal derangements of the rifleman him- 

 self. Then the rifle critic of the same paper gravely 

 states "that when once a rifleman has learned to strike the 

 target over and over again in calm weather, it might be 

 better for his efSciency as a soldier that he should practice 

 only on days when the elements are adverse." As it rains 

 now and then in England the opportunity might of course 

 occasionally be found.. One very good thing proposed by 

 the Times' rifleman is, that ft all soldiers, particularly volun- 

 teers, should be taught to shoot at night." An admirable 

 ideal Another notion equally good would be for them to 

 shoot undex,water . The Thunderer is usually superb, but 

 the great Jupiter of journalism drivels when he talks rifle. 

 Let him. stick to his bolts „ 



SUBTERRANEAN RIVERS. 



IT has long been a mooted question as to what becomes 

 of the surplus water of Lake Ronkonkoma in Suffolk 

 county, Long Island, and the stream which flows past and 

 through the property of the South Side Club is supposed 

 to connect by a subterranean passage with the lake, and to 

 form its outlet. The recent <2iscoveries at Garden City 

 would indicate a remarkable condition of the sub-strata of 

 the island, and if the report is correct the presence of so 

 many springs culuminating in trout streams can be ac- 

 counted for. Mr. Hinsdale, who is in charge of Mr. 

 Stewart's improvements at Garden City, has written a letter 

 to Professor J. D. Dana, of Massachusetts, describing the 

 results which have followed the excavation of the gravel in 

 the vicinity. At a point within three quarters of a mile of 

 Hempstead, he says, they are simply removing gravel 

 from a river, which he describes as a sheet of water flow- 

 ing southerly in a continuous stream, with a descent of 

 eight feet to the mile. Its motion, of course, is retailed 

 by the gravel, but it is nevertheless moving, and as unceas- 

 ing in its flow as the Hudson or the Mississippi. In boring 

 for artesian wells it is not uncommon for the workers to 

 come upon such subterranean streams, and when found 

 between two stratas of clay or rock, the water, finding no 

 other outlet, is forced through the pipe and forms a flow- 

 ing well. But when the stream is found flowing through 

 gravel the loose soil permits the water to percolate through 

 it without "heading," and hence it cannot be forced to the 

 surface by means of its own pressure. The peculiarity of 

 the Long Island stream appears to be in its proximity to the 

 surface, although we have in mind a whole district of 

 country where artesian wells are found at a depth of one 

 hundred feet. 



At many points on the coast Of California where the 

 coast range of mountains are some distance from the shore 

 line, the plains between have been successfully tapped and 

 that greatest of blessings in a dry country, an abundance 

 of water, easily procured, and that at a depth varying from 

 sixty-five to two hundred feet from the surface. The ease 

 with which flowing artesian wells are obtained in those lo- 

 calities, is however, very readily explained. The moun- 

 tain range extends usually for thirty miles in width; in the 

 southern counties there is scarcely a stream from them 

 which finds its way to the sea; although there is a rainless 

 Summer, yet in Winter the snow covers the summits of 

 peaks five thousand feet high, and the immense drainage of 

 all this surface must bo stored in great subterranean lakes, 

 or in underground rivers finding its way with the dip of the 

 impervious strata until it reaches the sea. Hence, when 

 the pipe taps the water the pressure behind forces it 

 through the aperture, and where the pressure is sufficient or 

 the fountain head higher than the locality where the boring 

 is being done, it rises above the surface in an endeavor to 

 obey the law of hydraulics which compels water always 

 to And its level. The principal is the same with artificial 

 fountains. The peculiarity of the Long Island discoveries 

 is that there is no apparent cause for the storage of so 

 much water, located as the island is between two bodies of 

 salt water, whose depths must be so much greater than 

 that of the subterranean stream. 



Artesian wells, so named from the province of Artois 

 (Lat. Artesium) in France, were first bored in Europe a 

 century or more since. One at Aire, in Artois, has been 

 flowing constantly for more than a hundred years, and still 

 rises eleven feet above the surface at a rate of two hundred 

 and fifty gallons per minute . In some instances warm 

 water is obtained, and at Wurtemberg large factories are 

 heated by the water beiag conveyed through pipes, a uni- 

 form temperature being thus obtained. The well at Paris 

 used for warming the Grenelle hospital, the water being al- 

 ways at a temperature of 82° F. , is one of the deepest in 

 the old world. It was commenced in 1833, and in 1841 

 at a depth of 1,797 feet the boring rod penetrated the rock 

 over the subterranean waters and fell fourteen feet. The 

 water immediately commenced to rise, and in a few hours 

 had reached the surface, bringing with it an immense 

 quantity of mud and sand. It now yields 500,000 gallons 

 in every twenty four hours. This flow, however, does not 

 compare with the well at Passy, which, with a depth of 

 1,923 feet emits daily 5,500,000 gallons of water. The 

 higher the piping is carried above the surface, however, the 

 less is the flow of water. 



There is an immense area of our country which could be 

 brought into cultivation and made of practical value if 

 artesian wells could be bored to supply it with water. And 

 such we doubt not will be the result when the increase of 

 population shall have brought the lands into notice and de- 

 mand. A large portion of California, Colorado, Arizona, 

 and New Mexico require water as a first necessity. That 

 with patience and the proper appliances it can be procured 

 is beyond a doubt. As far back as 1858 a French engineer 

 commenced boring for water in the Sahara, and now there 

 are seventy-five wells in that desert, yielding an aggregate 

 of 600,000 gallons of water an hour. Such a supply would 

 almost answer for a county in California for irrigating pur- 

 poses. The effect in Africa has been most surprising. Vill- 

 ages embowered with palm trees have sprung up where 

 before were dreary wastes of sand, and a thousand tropical 

 gardens now exist where once even the prowling jackall 

 could only find a living in picking the bones of luckless 

 travelers. We see that it is under discussion to cut a canal 

 from the Mediterranean and flood the Sahara with water, 

 thus opening- up an easy. mode of- travel to hitherto, .uhex-: 

 pl'ored districts. ' What, the unfortunate inhabitants of 

 Timbuctoo would say to being, perhaps, incontinently 



drowned out, it ia hard to imagine, but the lonely *. 

 wary would no longer dine off the succulent missionary 

 and spoil his digestion with the "hymn book too." a 

 ilar project has for its culmination the flooding of the a- 

 Arizona desert by means of the waters of the & Gulf of Cal' 

 fornia. Although much more feasible than the first me *" 

 tioned plan— which might indeed, by drawing so much 

 water from one place to deposit it in another, throw th 

 earth off its centre of gravity and send us spinning through 

 space— if artesian wells could be bored the jand° could b 

 put to much more practicable value. Our government 

 have already made examinations of a portion of the wastes 

 of our country with a view to their water resources. Tn 

 1855, Captain, now General Pope, bored several wells on the 

 staked plains, near the borders of Texas and New Mexico 

 and although water was found in each instance, none with 

 sufficient head to rise to the surface was met with, although 

 in one instance after boring 641 feet the water rose 400 feet 

 in the tubing. The artesian well at St. Louis is 2,199 feet 

 deep and that at Louisville, Ky., 2,086. Water flows from 

 both, but so highly charged with mineral substances as to 

 be practically valueless. In Onargas, Irroquois county 

 Illinois, there are over 200 artesian wells within a radius 

 of twenty miles, the estimated daily yield from which is 

 over fifty millions of gallons. The value of such an 

 amount of water in one of the southern counties of Cali- 

 fornia could hardly be estimated. Wells are bored there 

 but by a careless, thriftless class of men, without proper 

 appliances, who, if water is not struck at the first effort 

 discourage their employers and abandon the attempt for 

 another location. We shall look for the results of Mr. 

 Hinsdale's work and Professor Dana's report with much 

 interest. 



OUR YACHT SQUADRON. 



THE recent ocean matches between the Resolute and 

 her four antagonists, the Comet, Estelle, Dread- 

 naught and Vesta, and the approaching matches between 

 the veteran Dauntless and the new Mohawk, come at a, 

 time when people had begun to ask if, after all, our yachts- 

 men were not smooth water sailors, and carried the posses- 

 sion of their pleasure machines only to the point wheie 

 pumps could be worn with safety and white ducks remain 

 immaculate. And unthinking persons are still inclined to 

 believe that, with a few notable exceptions, the imputa- 

 tions cast upon our amateur sailors are not without foun- 

 dation . 



Time was when yachting and yacht building were en- 

 couraged as a means of improving naval architecture, and 

 it is not many years since George Steers produced our finest 

 ships, and sent a model yacht across the water to show 

 how near perfection our ship-modeling and building had 

 reached. The yacht in question, after almost marvellous 

 vicissitudes, is still afloat, and promises to last for years. 

 Does any one suppose that the majority of the elegant and 

 costly yachts of the present day will continue in existence, 

 unless as oyster boats, for more than a fraction of the pe- 

 riod the America has been afloat? 



And after all, if many of our yachtsmen dislike trusting 

 themselves to the mercies of a gale of wind or a heavy 

 sea, we question the justice of taunting them with it when 

 we consider the cockle shells in which they would he 

 obliged to expose their lives. Judging from the frightful 

 array of broken masts, parted rigging, upsets and leaks of 

 which we hear on the occurrence of almost every regatta, 

 a trip to the lightship must be fraught with almost as 

 much, or more, danger than a voyage across the ocean. 

 And who is to blame? Does it rest with shipbuilders, who 

 take large pay and build for their patrons mere shells in 

 place of good seaworthy vessels? or do yachtsmen insist 

 upon having unsubstantial sailing machines like weedy cup 

 horses, the ownership of which will result in loading the 

 buffet with plate instead of proving a means of encourage- 

 ment to the youths who might form our navy, and continu- 

 ing that march of improvement which seems to have died 

 out with Steers? Probably both are to blame, but it ia no 

 less a fact that some of the yachts set afloat each season 

 are, so far as construction and fastening are concerned, » 

 disgrace to the builders. One of many instances we could 

 cite is that of a yacht belonging to a well-known gentleman 

 of Albany, handsome enough to look at, and modeled for 

 speed. Twice last Summer, in friendly races with other 

 yachts at Fire Island, did she leak so badly as to compel 

 her owner to abandon the matches, and on one occasion 

 absolutely threatened to sink before she could be brough 

 inside the inlet. The clubs are also somewhat to blame- 

 In the old days, when time allowance was based upon area 

 of canvas and not upon displacement, we never heard 

 all these accidents, and the yachts were good and fast, too. 

 Many times have we seen Mr. Rutherford's Una and M • 

 Waterbury's invincible Julia racing up the bay under Ji ^ 

 and mainsails, and with topmasts housed. There was 

 inducement then for all the kites which now flourish, m&^ 

 ing a first class yacht look like a laundryman's yard 

 drying day. And, although ' it may be old fogyism to ^ 

 say so, we believe the yachts of twenty years ago 

 almost if not quite as fast as those of the present ^ 

 Certainly they were more substantial than those 

 shoddy era. There is the Widgeon, formerly belong ing 

 Mr. Lloyd Phenix, and now, or last Summer at least, a 

 duty as a pilot boat; she must be more than twenty y 

 old- And then there was the old Maria, with her \ 

 hollow boom built of hoops and staves, like a barrel; _ ^ 

 also is,afloat f and when last heard from, was figuring- 

 case of smuggling arms to the Oarliste. We ne* er 



