ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION 323 



it. Cream from this method is apt to be too thin, by having 



too much milk incorporated in skimming. The large surface 



exposed in the pans, and the length of time that it stands, favor 



the absorption of odors and infection which comes from dust, 



etc., and also result in the cream becoming leathery, making 



lumpy cream for churning, which causes heavy loss of fat in the 



buttermilk. The comparatively high temperature of the milk 



and cream in shallow pans encourages the development of bad 



flavors. Like all other gravity methods, the shallow pan leaves 



a large percentage of fat in the skim milk. 



The best results from using shallow pans are obtained by 



setting the milk immediately after milking, in pressed tin pans 



without seams, about 3 inches deep, placing the pans on a cool 



surface, such as a clean cement floor, or in a large pan or box 



where cold water is allowed to run around the pans. Skimming 



should take place about 24 or 36 hours from setting. The cream 



should be taken off carefully by separating the cream from the 



edge of the pan with a thin bladed knife, when the cream may be 



run into a cream can, care being taken to run in as little milk as 



possible. 



Deep Setting. 



The deep setting method is a very decided improvement on 

 the shallow pans. The best results, both as to quality and 

 effective creaming, are secured by putting the milk, as soon as 

 drawn, into cans about 8 inches in diameter and 20 inches deep. 

 The cans are then placed in a tank containing ice water and left 

 for at least 24 hours before skimming. The tank will require 

 to be 24 inches deep and large enough to hold as many cans as 

 the herd will fill at two or three milkings. The tank must be 

 water tight and provided with a 3 inch overflow 17 inches from 

 the bottom, and also a plug at the bottom to drain off the water 

 for cleaning. The tank should be fitted with a cover and the 

 whole protected from the weather. It would be folly to use the 

 deep setting method without ice in this country, where it can be 

 put up so easily and cheaply, but if it is not available for any 

 reason, the next best thing is to have the tank placed near the 

 well, so that all water used for various purposes may be first 



