104 ILLINOIS DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION. 



ideal udder is one that extends well up between the animal's hind 

 legs, and is square and full, the front quarters also square and 

 extending well forward. When empty the udder should lay in 

 folds and be soft, plastic and very much smaller than when it is 

 filled with milk. 



The teats should be long and large enough to fill the hand 

 and evenly placed. The distance between them should be far 

 enough to prevent rubbing of fingers when she is being milked. 

 The very large, cone shaped, slim, hard milking teats should be 

 avoided. 



Milk Veins and Milk Wells. 



The milk veins should be long, tortuous, branched, and enter 

 the body well forward. This indicates the amount of blood that 

 has been supplied to the udder. The milk wells should be large 

 and one or more on either side of the body ; these also indicate 

 the blood supply to the udder. 



Constitution. 



There is not much to say specifically about this all important 

 thing, constitution. It is revealed, or not, from every part of 

 the animal. Constitution is shown quite as plain in the head and 

 eye, as it is from the depth, width and fullness of the chest. It 

 is also indicated from the general appearance of the animal, by 

 the condition of the skin and hair. A large naval or umbilical 

 cord is indicative of a strong constitution, the theory being that 

 the animal was nourished properly during its foetal period. A 

 lack of correlation of parts of the animal should be associated 

 with weakness, for example, as neck that's too long, too thin, 

 and lacks in depth, so as not to be in proportion with the rest of 

 the animal's body would be considered an indication of a weak 

 constitution. 



Points Observed in Judging Dairy Cattle. 



The Department of Agriculture has recently published a 

 bulletin giving the standards of excellence adopted by each of 



