THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. • 333 



5. The amount of skim milk is figured as 85 per cent of the 

 whole milk, as this is the amount returned from creameries or ob- 

 tained from the hand separator on the farm. 



6. Skim milk is valued at 20 cents per hundred pounds, 

 since the best data shows that it requires an average of 5 pounds 

 of skim milk to equal one pound of grain in pork production. 

 When grrin is worth one cent a pound, or $1 per hundred pounds, 

 skim milk would be worth 20 cents per hundred pounds. If the 

 skim milk is fed to heifer calves of good quality, the value will 

 vary from 20 cents to $1.00 per hundred pounds, depending upon 

 the conditions and the quality of the calves. 



7. Calves from cows producing less than 5,000 pounds of 

 milk annually are considered at veal prices only, and are valued 

 at $3 when five days old, when the milk of the dam is fit for use. 

 From cows producing more than 5,000 pounds of milk annually, 

 the value of the heifer calves increases more rapidly, as the dams 

 are more efficient producers. Bull calves are not considered of 

 value except for veal, unless they are from cows producing an 

 average of 10,000 pounds of milk annually, in which case their 

 value is placed at $16, and this value increases at the same rate 

 as the heifers from higher producing dams. The question may 

 rightly be raised if bulls from grade cows should be used for 

 service. It would be better not to do so, unless it is known thai 

 the dams were, for at least two generations, good producers, but 

 at the present stage of dairy cattle breeding in the United States, 

 bull calves from cows producing an average of 10,000 pounds 

 of milk for six years would be of service in increasing the pro- 

 duction of our future dairy cows. In fact, it is by this method 

 that the dairy cattle of Denmark have been so markedly improved 

 in the last 25 years. 



8. The manure is figured at 11 tons per head for cows pro- 

 ducing 8,000 pounds of milk. On the twenty-acre dairy farm at 

 the University last year, cows which were kept in the barn during 

 the winter, and in a dry lot during the summer, produced 13 tons 

 of manure per cow. The average value is considered at $1.50 

 per ton. At the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, on a 



