FIFTIETH ANNUAL CONVENTION 107 



1. Calves grown entirely upon whole-milk, the calf 

 being permitted to have free access to nurse either its moth- 

 er or a nurse cow. 



2. Calves grown upon whole-milk but limited in the 

 quantity secured by giving the calf access to its mother or 

 to a nurse cow for but a limited time at each feeding period. 



3. Calves grown upon whole-milk, same being sup- 

 plied artificially after the calf has been weaned. 



4. Calves grown upon whole-milk and milk from 

 which the butterfat has been removed, whole-milk feeding 

 usually being discontinued by the time the calf is four to 

 six weeks of age. 



5. Calves grown upon whole-milk, skim-milk, water, 

 and a calf meal. The calf meal and water gradually sup- 

 planting the milk portion of the ration. 



6. Calves grown upon milk, calf meal, and whey, the 

 whey being used in connection with the calf meal in place 

 of the water which is usually used in preparing the calf 

 meal gruel. 



7. Calves grown upon buttermilk in its natural state 

 or upon the commercial semi-solid product properly diluted. 



Evolution in Feeding Methods. 



The change in methods of feeding calves has been 

 very rapid within the last few years. The hand feeding of 

 calves was little practiced 25 years ago except in the intens- 

 ified dairy districts. With the development of markets for 

 whole-milk and the establishment of factories manufactur- 

 ing butter, cheese, powdered and condensed milk, dairymen 

 quickly realized the impracticability of permitting their 

 calves to have free access to their herds. It has been real- 

 ized, also, that the proper functioning of a dairy cow is 

 seriously handicapped by the continuous nursing of calves 

 though but for a limited period each day. 



The invention of the cream separator made generally 

 available a product commonly known as "skim-milk," and 

 since its introduction this product has been very extensively 

 used in growing dairy calves, especially in districts where 

 there ia no favorably located whole-milk market. 



