138 Geological Society : — 



he divided, the Eed Crag into two divisions ^— a lower one, of variable 

 oblique-bedded strata, and annpper one, of sands passing up into the 

 clay known as the Chillesford clay. In 1849 he had alluded to the 

 possibility of this clay being synchronous with the Norwich Crag. 

 He has since traced this upper or Chillesford division of the Eed 

 Crag northwards, with a view to determine its relation to the Nor- 

 wich Crag. He has found it at various places inland ; but the best 

 exhibition of it occurs in the Easton-Bavant Cliff. He there 

 found in it a group of shells similar to those at Chillesford, and 

 under it the well-known bed of mammaliferous or Norwich Crag, 

 with the usual shells. The author also showed that in this cliff and 

 the one nearer Lowestoft traces of the Forest-bed clearly set in upon 

 the Chillesford clay. He traced these beds at the base of Hor- 

 ton Cliff, and then passed on to the well-known cliffs of Happis- 

 burgh and Mimdesley. He considered the Chillesford clay to pass 

 beneath the Elephant bed, and to represent some part of the Porest- 

 bed. The same clay may be traced to near Weybourne. The Crag 

 under these beds he referred to the Chillesford sands. Mention was 

 then made of the sands and shingle above the Chillesford, for 

 which the author proposed the names of " Southwold Sands and 

 Shingle." These, usually, are very unfossiliferous ; but at two or 

 three places near Southwold the author found indications of an 

 abundance of shells (Mytilus &c.) and Eoraminifera in some iron- 

 sandstones intercalated in this series. In the Norfolk cliffs these 

 beds contain alternating seams of marine and freshwater shells. 

 The inland range of the beds to Aldeby, Norwich, and Coltishall 

 was next traced, and the Chillesford clay shown to be present in 

 each section, and the sands beneath to be referable to the Chilles- 

 ford sands, as already shown by other geologists, on the evidence of 

 the organic remains. Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, who had carefully examined 

 the shells of the Norwich Crag for the author, stated that a consi- 

 derable number of arctic species were found in the Norfolk Crag 

 which did not occur in Suffolk. While, therefore, the Norwich Crag 

 seems to be synchronous with a portion of the Suffolk Crag, that 

 portion is the upper division ; and therefore the triple arrangement 

 proposed by Mr. Charlesworth and advocated by Sir C. Lyell, together 

 with the fact of the setting in of a gradually more severe climate, 

 pointed out by the late Dr. Woodward and by Sir C. Lyell, are con- 

 firmed. 



Mr. Prestwich then referred to the origin of the materials of the 

 Southwold shingle, and showed that, with few exceptions, they 

 came from the south. In it he had found a considerable number of 

 worn fragments of chert and ragstone from the Lower Greensand of 

 Kent. He considered this a convenient base-line for the Quaternary 

 period, as then commenced the spread of the marine gravels over the 

 south of England, and soon after commenced the great denudations 

 which have given the great features to the country. 



