UPHEAVAL OF ISLANDS. 109 



in the Grecian Archipelago, both of which, as 

 von Buch has shown, bear the stamp of craters of 

 upheaval, several little islands have risen up, the 

 last in the year 1707, and generally with the 

 accompaniment of violent volcanic outbursts. The 

 Monte Nuovo, which I have already mentioned, 

 started up in 1530. In the year 1759, the crater- 

 cone of Jorullo rose suddenly, in the midst of a 

 violent discharge of steam and ashes, in one day, 

 fourteen hundred feet above the surface, on a large 

 plain on the west of Mexico, many square miles in 

 extent, and up to that time rich and fruitful. In 

 May, 1796, the volcanic island Joanna Bogos- 

 slowa rose between the isles of Umnack and 

 Unalaschka, which belong to the Aleutian group ; 

 and it is smoking to this day. Not far from the 

 island of St. Miguel, one of the Azores, small 

 islands have several times started up, but they have 

 soon sunk down again. On the 31st of January, 

 1811, the large island of Sabrino appeared there, 

 but only for a short time. Lastly, only a few 

 years ago, in 1831, the little island Ferdinandea 

 rose off the south of Sicily, but was soon destroyed 

 by the waves of the sea. 



Permanent upheavals, of large extents of coun- 

 try, resulting from earthquakes, have several times 

 been observed along the coast of Chili; for in- 

 stance, in the years 1822 and 1835. 



In Sweden, a gradual rise of the northern coast 



