THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 31 



New York, Michigan, and southern Ontario. On the Atlantic coast 

 it reaches from near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay to southern Con- 

 necticut, and sends narrow arms up the valleys of the Connecticut 

 and Hudson rivers. A little farther west another slender arm is sent 

 northward, following the east shore of Lake Michigan nearly or quite 

 to Grand Traverse Bay. These arms, like nearly all narrow north- 

 ward prolongations of southern zones, do not carry the complete 

 faunas and floras of the areas to which they belong, but lack certain 

 species from the start and become more and more dilute to the 

 northward till it is hard to say where they really end. Their north- 

 ern boundaries, therefore, must be drawn arbitrarily or must be based 

 on the presence or absence of particular species rather than the usual 

 association of species. 



Counting from the north, the Carolinian area is that in which the 

 sassafras, tulip tree, hackberry, sycamore, sweet gum, rose magnolia, 

 red bud, persimmon, and short-leaf pine first make their appearance, 

 together with the opossum, gray fox, fox squirrel, cardinal bird, Caro- 

 lina wren, tufted tit, gnatcatcher, summer tanager, and yellow-breasted 

 chat. Chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, and walnuts grow wild in 

 abundance. The area is of very great agricultural importance. 



Ceops of the Carolinian Faunal Area. 



Cereals do well in the Carolinian area, particularly wheat and corn. 

 The sugar beet is an important crop in the northern parts, but fails 

 to develop sufficient sugar for profitable culture in the southern parts. 

 Fruits thrive almost everywhere, and in great variety, as shown by 

 the following list : 



CEREALS. 



Wheat. 



Clawson. Mediterranean. 



Fulcaster. Turkey Red [Mississippi Valley]. 



Fultz. Velvet Chafe. 



Oats. 



Lincoln (S). Welcome. 



Red Rust Proof. White Russian (2). 



Corn. 



Bloody Butcher. St. Charles White [Mississippi Valley^ 



Golden Dent (,?). (S). 



Hickory King (B). Stowell Evergreen. 



King Philip (J) . White Gourd Seed (f ) . 



Learning. 



Barley. 



Rye. 



Buckwheat {2). 



