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  NORTH 
  AMERICAN 
  DUCKS, 
  GEESE, 
  AND 
  SWANS. 
  

  

  sota, 
  June 
  14, 
  1879; 
  northern 
  North 
  Dakota, 
  June 
  15, 
  1901; 
  Manitoba, 
  

   June 
  5,1891; 
  Crane 
  Lake, 
  Saskatchewan, 
  June 
  9,1894; 
  Nevada, 
  'May 
  

   29, 
  1868, 
  and 
  incubated 
  eggs 
  in 
  Los 
  Angeles 
  County, 
  Cal., 
  April 
  16. 
  

  

  Fall 
  migration. 
  — 
  The 
  first 
  arrived 
  at 
  the 
  southern 
  end 
  of 
  Lower 
  

   California 
  September 
  27, 
  1887; 
  in 
  northern 
  New 
  Mexico 
  the 
  species 
  

   was 
  abundant 
  the 
  last 
  days 
  of 
  September, 
  1904. 
  The 
  average 
  date 
  

   when 
  the 
  last 
  left 
  central 
  Minnesota 
  was 
  November 
  14. 
  

  

  Mareca 
  penelope 
  (Linn.). 
  European 
  Widgeon. 
  

  

  This 
  is 
  an 
  Old 
  World 
  species 
  which 
  has 
  occurred 
  as 
  a 
  straggler 
  on 
  

   the 
  Atlantic 
  coast 
  in 
  Florida, 
  North 
  Carolina, 
  Virginia, 
  Maryland, 
  

   Pennsylvania, 
  New 
  Jersey, 
  New 
  York, 
  Massachusetts, 
  Nova 
  Scotia, 
  New- 
  

   foundland, 
  and 
  Greenland; 
  in 
  the 
  interior 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  Illinois, 
  

   Indiana, 
  Ohio, 
  Michigan, 
  Wisconsin, 
  and 
  Nebraska; 
  on 
  the 
  Pacific 
  

   coast 
  in 
  California, 
  British 
  Columbia, 
  and 
  Alaska. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  known 
  

   to 
  breed 
  an} 
  T 
  where 
  in 
  the 
  Western 
  Hemisphere. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  coast 
  the 
  dates 
  are 
  almost 
  entirely 
  in 
  the 
  fall 
  and 
  

   winter, 
  from 
  October 
  20 
  (near 
  Halifax, 
  Mass.) 
  to 
  March 
  25 
  (Keuka 
  

   Lake, 
  New 
  York) 
  — 
  there 
  are 
  only 
  three 
  records 
  after 
  February 
  5 
  — 
  

   while 
  in 
  the 
  interior 
  its 
  occurrence 
  is 
  as 
  strictly 
  confined 
  to 
  the 
  spring, 
  

   from 
  March 
  23 
  (English 
  Lake, 
  Ind.) 
  to 
  April 
  18 
  (Sandusky, 
  Ohio). 
  

   The 
  records 
  for 
  Greenland 
  fall 
  between 
  September 
  29 
  and 
  December 
  

   17; 
  the 
  California 
  records 
  are 
  mostl} 
  r 
  in 
  February, 
  while 
  those 
  of 
  

   British 
  Columbia 
  are 
  from 
  December 
  25 
  to 
  February 
  9, 
  and 
  the 
  two 
  

   Alaska 
  dates 
  are 
  October 
  12 
  and 
  May 
  27. 
  

  

  Mareca 
  americana 
  (Gmel. 
  ). 
  Baldpate. 
  American 
  Widgeon. 
  

  

  Breeding 
  range. 
  — 
  A 
  line 
  drawn 
  from 
  the 
  western 
  shore 
  of 
  Hudson 
  

   Bay 
  to 
  the 
  western 
  shore 
  of 
  Lake 
  Michigan 
  marks, 
  approximately, 
  the 
  

   eastern 
  boundary 
  of 
  the 
  breeding 
  range 
  of 
  this 
  species, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  

   eastern 
  200 
  miles 
  of 
  this 
  district 
  it 
  is 
  decidedly 
  uncommon 
  during 
  

   the 
  nesting 
  season. 
  There 
  are 
  a 
  few 
  records 
  of 
  the 
  bird's 
  breeding 
  in 
  

   Indiana 
  (Hogback 
  Lake, 
  English 
  Lake) 
  and 
  in 
  Wisconsin 
  (formerly 
  

   at 
  Koshkonong 
  and 
  Horicon), 
  but 
  not 
  until 
  Minnesota 
  is 
  reached 
  does 
  

   this 
  duck 
  breed 
  commonly. 
  West 
  of 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  it 
  breeds 
  abun- 
  

   dantly 
  in 
  North 
  Dakota, 
  a 
  few 
  in 
  southern 
  South 
  Dakota, 
  and 
  rarely 
  

   or 
  casually 
  in 
  Nebraska 
  and 
  Kansas. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  common 
  breeder 
  in 
  Colo- 
  

   rado, 
  Utah, 
  and 
  Nevada 
  (Truckee 
  Valley), 
  and 
  probably 
  breeds 
  rarely 
  

   in 
  Arizona 
  (Mormon 
  Lake), 
  but 
  as 
  j^et 
  the 
  species 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  recorded 
  

   as 
  nesting 
  in 
  California. 
  The 
  main 
  breeding 
  range 
  is 
  northwestern 
  

   North 
  America 
  from 
  Oregon 
  and 
  Minnesota 
  north 
  to 
  the 
  Mackenzie 
  

   Valley 
  and 
  central 
  Alaska. 
  A 
  line 
  from 
  Fort 
  Churchill, 
  Hudson 
  Bay, 
  

   to 
  Franklin 
  Bay 
  is 
  the 
  approximate 
  northeastern 
  boundarj^ 
  of 
  the 
  

   range, 
  thence 
  west 
  to 
  Kotzebue 
  Sound. 
  If 
  this 
  line 
  from 
  Frank- 
  

   lin 
  Bay 
  to 
  Fort 
  Churchill 
  is 
  continued 
  to 
  Chesapeake 
  Bay, 
  it 
  marks 
  

   the 
  approximate 
  eastern 
  limits 
  at 
  which 
  the 
  species 
  is 
  common 
  in 
  

  

  

  