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  NORTH 
  AMERICAN 
  DUCKS, 
  GEESE, 
  AND 
  SWANS. 
  

  

  south 
  to 
  southern 
  California 
  (Ventura 
  and 
  Los 
  Angeles 
  counties), 
  and 
  

   east 
  to 
  Ruby 
  Lake, 
  Nevada, 
  and 
  Rush 
  Lake, 
  Utah. 
  The 
  redhead 
  used 
  

   to 
  breed 
  not 
  uncommonly 
  in 
  the 
  great 
  marshes 
  of 
  the 
  lake 
  region 
  of 
  

   southeastern 
  Wisconsin, 
  but 
  now 
  it 
  is 
  restricted 
  to 
  a 
  few 
  localities, 
  

   one 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  Lake 
  Koshkonong. 
  It 
  has 
  bred 
  on 
  the 
  St. 
  Clair 
  Flats 
  

   of 
  Michigan 
  and 
  Ontario. 
  

  

  Only 
  a 
  few 
  pass 
  as 
  far 
  north 
  as 
  54° 
  latitude, 
  the 
  northern 
  range 
  of 
  

   the 
  species 
  thus 
  being 
  more 
  restricted 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  any 
  other 
  Canadian 
  

   duck. 
  A 
  stray 
  was 
  taken 
  in 
  1896 
  on 
  Kadiak 
  Island, 
  Alaska, 
  the 
  only 
  

   record 
  on 
  the 
  Pacific 
  coast 
  north 
  of 
  Vancouver 
  Island, 
  and 
  an 
  indi- 
  

   vidual 
  was 
  taken 
  in 
  the 
  fall 
  in 
  southeastern 
  Labrador. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  yet 
  

   recorded 
  in 
  Newfoundland, 
  and 
  is 
  a 
  rare 
  migrant 
  in 
  the 
  Maritime 
  

   Provinces. 
  

  

  Winter 
  range. 
  — 
  The 
  principal 
  winter 
  home 
  of 
  the 
  redhead 
  is 
  from 
  

   Texas, 
  along 
  the 
  Gulf 
  and 
  Atlantic 
  coasts, 
  to 
  Chesapeake 
  Bay; 
  a 
  few 
  

   winter 
  on 
  Long 
  Island, 
  and 
  a 
  still 
  smaller 
  number 
  around 
  Cape 
  

   Cod 
  and 
  Lakes 
  Ontario 
  and 
  Erie; 
  the 
  species 
  winters 
  in 
  the 
  Mis- 
  

   sissippi 
  Valle}^ 
  north 
  to 
  Illinois 
  and 
  Kansas, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  West 
  to 
  

   New 
  Mexico, 
  Arizona 
  — 
  rarely 
  Utah 
  — 
  Nevada, 
  and 
  southern 
  British 
  

   Columbia, 
  almost 
  as 
  far 
  north 
  as 
  it 
  breeds. 
  The 
  redhead 
  is 
  not 
  

   uncommon 
  in 
  winter 
  in 
  the 
  Valley 
  of 
  Mexico, 
  but 
  is 
  quite 
  rare 
  on 
  the 
  

   west 
  coast 
  south 
  to 
  Manzanillo 
  and 
  southern 
  Lower 
  California. 
  It 
  is 
  

   accidental 
  in 
  Jamaica. 
  

  

  Spring 
  migration. 
  — 
  The 
  redhead 
  moves 
  north 
  with 
  the 
  great 
  body 
  

   of 
  river 
  ducks 
  soon 
  after 
  the 
  first 
  open 
  water 
  appears. 
  Average 
  dates 
  

   of 
  arrival 
  are: 
  Oberlin, 
  Ohio, 
  March 
  10 
  (earliest 
  March 
  4, 
  1904); 
  cen- 
  

   tral 
  Indiana, 
  March 
  13 
  (earliest 
  March 
  6, 
  1887); 
  southern 
  Ontario, 
  

   March 
  24 
  (earliest 
  March 
  14, 
  1898); 
  Keokuk, 
  Iowa, 
  March 
  7 
  (earliest 
  

   February 
  13, 
  1898); 
  central 
  Iowa, 
  March 
  18 
  (earliest, 
  March 
  8, 
  1887); 
  

   southern 
  Wisconsin, 
  March 
  30 
  (earliest 
  March 
  10, 
  1898); 
  Heron 
  Lake, 
  

   Minn., 
  March 
  26; 
  central 
  Nebraska, 
  March 
  10 
  (earliest 
  February 
  10, 
  

   1896); 
  northern 
  Montana, 
  April 
  13 
  (earliest 
  April 
  7, 
  1895); 
  southern 
  

   Manitoba, 
  April 
  21 
  (earliest 
  April 
  12, 
  1903). 
  Eggs 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  

   in 
  southern 
  California 
  in 
  May; 
  at 
  Horicon 
  Lake, 
  Wisconsin, 
  May 
  24; 
  

   in 
  northern 
  North 
  Dakota, 
  June 
  1; 
  at 
  Rush 
  Lake, 
  Saskatchewan, 
  

   June 
  15. 
  

  

  Fall 
  migration. 
  — 
  The 
  movement 
  of 
  the 
  redhead 
  exhibits 
  in 
  extreme 
  

   degree 
  a 
  phase 
  of 
  migration, 
  shared 
  to 
  a 
  lesser 
  extent 
  by 
  several 
  other 
  

   species, 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  course 
  taken 
  is 
  at 
  a 
  wide 
  angle 
  from 
  the 
  normal 
  

   southern 
  one. 
  Lake 
  Winnipeg 
  marks 
  the 
  extreme 
  northeastern 
  part 
  

   of 
  the 
  district 
  where 
  it 
  breeds 
  commonly, 
  and 
  yet 
  the 
  species 
  is 
  a 
  

   fairly 
  common 
  fall 
  migrant 
  along 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  coast 
  from 
  Cape 
  Cod 
  

   southward. 
  The 
  individuals 
  that 
  visit 
  Cape 
  Cod 
  take 
  an 
  almost 
  

   eastern 
  course, 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  go 
  3 
  miles 
  east 
  for 
  every 
  mile 
  south. 
  From 
  

   the 
  nearest 
  breeding 
  grounds 
  to 
  the 
  lower 
  Hudson 
  Valley, 
  which 
  is 
  

  

  

  

  