﻿AMERICAN 
  GOLDEN-EYE. 
  49 
  

  

  Pa., 
  is 
  April 
  16 
  (earliest 
  March 
  15, 
  1903). 
  The 
  migration 
  in 
  the 
  Mis- 
  

   sissippi 
  Valley 
  is 
  somewhat 
  earlier; 
  average 
  dates 
  are: 
  English 
  Lake, 
  

   IncL, 
  March 
  11 
  (earliest 
  February 
  27, 
  1892); 
  Keokuk, 
  Iowa, 
  March 
  

   11 
  (earliest 
  March 
  1, 
  1891); 
  Heron 
  Lake, 
  Minn., 
  March 
  27 
  (earliest 
  

   March 
  15, 
  1891). 
  The 
  first 
  arrival 
  was 
  noted 
  at 
  Osier, 
  Saskatchewan, 
  

   May 
  2, 
  1893, 
  and 
  at 
  Fort 
  Chipewyan 
  May 
  22, 
  1893. 
  Eggs 
  have 
  been 
  

   taken 
  at 
  Pewaukee 
  Lake, 
  Wisconsin, 
  May 
  20, 
  1867; 
  Minneapolis, 
  

   Minn., 
  May 
  27, 
  1876; 
  Turtle 
  Mountain, 
  N. 
  Dak., 
  June 
  14,1898; 
  Rush 
  

   Lake, 
  Saskatchewan, 
  June 
  15, 
  1892. 
  

  

  Fall 
  migration. 
  — 
  Southward 
  migration 
  in 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  Valley 
  is 
  

   earlier 
  than 
  it 
  is 
  along 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  coast; 
  in 
  the 
  former 
  the 
  bird 
  

   reaches 
  the 
  Gulf 
  coast 
  about 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  September, 
  and 
  has 
  been 
  

   noted 
  in 
  the 
  Vallej- 
  of 
  Mexico 
  September 
  28; 
  along 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  it 
  

   appears 
  at 
  Alexandria, 
  Va., 
  on 
  the 
  average, 
  October 
  23 
  (earliest 
  arri- 
  

   val 
  October 
  6, 
  1901), 
  and 
  it 
  becomes 
  common 
  at 
  an 
  average 
  date 
  of 
  

   November 
  11. 
  It 
  was 
  seen 
  near 
  Athabasca 
  Landing 
  September 
  4, 
  

   1903. 
  The 
  average 
  date 
  when 
  the 
  last 
  migrants 
  were 
  seen 
  at 
  Ottawa, 
  

   Ontario, 
  was 
  October 
  30 
  (latest 
  November 
  21, 
  1892); 
  latest 
  in 
  Massa- 
  

   chusetts 
  November 
  23; 
  Erie, 
  Pa., 
  December 
  3, 
  average 
  date 
  of 
  the 
  last 
  

   arrivals 
  in 
  southern 
  Minnesota 
  (eight 
  } 
  T 
  ears) 
  November 
  13. 
  

  

  Clang-ula 
  clangula 
  americana 
  (Bonap. 
  )• 
  American 
  Golden-eye. 
  

  

  Breeding 
  range. 
  — 
  This 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  northern-breeding 
  ducks, 
  

   but 
  its 
  choice 
  of 
  hollow 
  trees 
  as 
  nesting 
  sites 
  prevents 
  the 
  extension 
  

   of 
  its 
  breeding 
  range 
  into 
  the 
  treeless 
  Arctic 
  regions, 
  to 
  which 
  it 
  seems 
  

   well 
  suited 
  by 
  its 
  hardy 
  constitution. 
  It 
  has 
  been 
  noted 
  north 
  to 
  

   Ungava 
  Bay, 
  Labrador; 
  Fort 
  Churchill, 
  Hudson 
  Bay; 
  and 
  Fort 
  Good 
  

   Hope, 
  near 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  Mackenzie 
  River. 
  It 
  is 
  probable 
  that 
  the 
  

   species 
  breeds 
  in 
  the 
  heavy 
  timber 
  nearest 
  to 
  these 
  places. 
  In 
  Alaska 
  

   it 
  breeds 
  commonly 
  in 
  the 
  interior 
  about 
  as 
  far 
  north 
  as 
  the 
  Arctic 
  

   Circle, 
  but 
  is 
  very 
  rarely 
  seen 
  on 
  the 
  coast. 
  The 
  species 
  breeds 
  from 
  

   Newfoundland 
  to 
  British 
  Columbia, 
  north 
  to 
  the 
  Noatak 
  River, 
  but 
  

   the 
  breeding 
  range 
  extends 
  onty 
  a 
  little 
  into 
  the 
  United 
  States, 
  to 
  

   southern 
  Maine 
  (Calais, 
  Magalloway 
  River), 
  northern 
  New 
  Hampshire 
  

   (Lake 
  Umbagog), 
  northern 
  Vermont 
  (St. 
  Johnsbury), 
  northern 
  New 
  

   York 
  (Adirondacks), 
  northern 
  Michigan 
  (Neebish 
  Island, 
  Sault 
  Ste. 
  

   Marie), 
  North 
  Dakota 
  (Devils 
  Lake), 
  Montana 
  (Flathead 
  Lake), 
  and 
  in 
  

   British 
  Columbia 
  so 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  southern 
  boundary 
  that 
  the 
  species 
  

   will 
  probably 
  be 
  found 
  to 
  breed 
  in 
  northern 
  Washington. 
  

  

  The 
  typical 
  form, 
  Clangida 
  clangula, 
  breeds 
  in 
  northern 
  Europe 
  

   and 
  northern 
  Asia, 
  migrating 
  southward 
  to 
  northern 
  Africa 
  and 
  south- 
  

   ern 
  Asia. 
  

  

  Winter 
  range. 
  — 
  As 
  this 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  hardiest 
  ducks, 
  its 
  northern 
  

   distribution 
  in 
  winter 
  is 
  governed 
  by 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  open 
  water. 
  It 
  

   is 
  tolerably 
  common 
  on 
  Lakes 
  Michigan, 
  Erie, 
  and 
  Ontario, 
  and 
  in 
  

  

  