﻿66 
  KOETH 
  AMERICAN 
  DUCKS, 
  GEESE, 
  ATO 
  SWANS. 
  

  

  they 
  migrate 
  by 
  the 
  most 
  direct 
  route. 
  Though 
  occurring 
  accidentally 
  

   in 
  northern 
  Europe 
  and 
  found 
  on 
  the 
  Arctic 
  coast 
  of 
  northeastern 
  

   Asia, 
  sometimes 
  in 
  considerable 
  numbers, 
  the 
  lesser 
  snow 
  goose 
  is 
  not, 
  

   as 
  yet, 
  known 
  to 
  breed 
  in 
  the 
  Eastern 
  Hemisphere. 
  

  

  Winter 
  range. 
  — 
  Both 
  forms 
  of 
  the 
  snow 
  goose 
  occur 
  during 
  the 
  

   winter 
  season 
  in 
  the 
  lower 
  Mississippi 
  Valley. 
  It 
  seems 
  probable 
  that 
  

   in 
  this 
  district 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  River 
  is 
  the 
  approximate 
  dividing 
  line 
  

   between 
  the 
  two 
  forms, 
  to 
  the 
  westward 
  C. 
  hyperborea 
  being 
  the 
  more 
  

   common, 
  to 
  the 
  eastward, 
  C. 
  nivalis. 
  Both 
  forms 
  winter 
  as 
  far 
  north 
  as 
  

   southern 
  Illinois, 
  and 
  the 
  lesser 
  snow 
  goose 
  is 
  abundant 
  in 
  winter 
  in 
  

   Louisiana 
  and 
  Texas, 
  and 
  ranges 
  south 
  in 
  Mexico 
  to 
  Guanajuato 
  and 
  

   Jalisco, 
  and 
  rarely 
  to 
  northern 
  Lower 
  California. 
  It 
  winters 
  spar- 
  

   ingly 
  in 
  southern 
  Colorado, 
  more 
  commonly 
  in 
  Utah, 
  abundantly 
  in 
  

   Nevada, 
  and 
  along 
  the 
  Pacific 
  coast 
  from 
  southern 
  California 
  (Orange 
  

   County) 
  to 
  southern 
  British 
  Columbia. 
  On 
  the 
  Asiatic 
  side 
  it 
  winters 
  

   south 
  to 
  Japan. 
  

  

  Spring 
  migration. 
  — 
  Writing 
  many 
  years 
  ago, 
  Ross 
  states 
  that 
  the 
  

   lesser 
  snow 
  goose 
  arrives 
  at 
  Great 
  Slave 
  Lake 
  earlier 
  than 
  the 
  greater. 
  

   Recent 
  records 
  of 
  spring 
  migration 
  confirm 
  this 
  statement, 
  and 
  our 
  

   present 
  knowledge 
  of 
  isothermal 
  lines 
  affords 
  a 
  satisfactory 
  explana- 
  

   tion. 
  It 
  is 
  considered 
  that 
  the 
  common 
  species 
  in 
  eastern 
  North 
  

   Dakota 
  is 
  C. 
  nivalis, 
  while 
  the 
  bird 
  of 
  Montana 
  is 
  C. 
  hyperborea. 
  

   Long-continued 
  observations 
  in 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  the 
  Red 
  River 
  of 
  the 
  

   North 
  indicate 
  that 
  the 
  first 
  C. 
  nivalis 
  arrive 
  on 
  the 
  average 
  at 
  lati- 
  

   tude 
  -±7° 
  on 
  April 
  15; 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  latitude 
  in 
  central 
  Montana 
  the 
  first 
  

   migrants 
  of 
  C. 
  hyperborea 
  appear 
  April 
  6. 
  The 
  more 
  eastern 
  birds 
  

   advance 
  to 
  Aweme, 
  Manitoba, 
  latitude 
  50°, 
  April 
  22, 
  while 
  at 
  this 
  

   latter 
  date 
  the 
  van 
  has 
  reached 
  Edmonton, 
  Alberta, 
  latitude 
  54°. 
  Yet 
  

   these 
  more 
  western 
  and 
  northern 
  birds 
  (lesser 
  snow 
  g 
  v 
  eese) 
  are 
  actuall} 
  T 
  

   traveling 
  in 
  warmer 
  weather 
  than 
  their 
  eastern 
  relations 
  migrating 
  at 
  

   a 
  later 
  date; 
  for 
  during 
  the 
  last 
  third 
  of 
  April 
  the 
  temperature 
  at 
  

   Edmonton 
  averages 
  about 
  2 
  degrees 
  warmer 
  than 
  at 
  Aweme. 
  

  

  Further 
  advance 
  of 
  the 
  lesser 
  snow 
  goose 
  is 
  recorded 
  during 
  the 
  

   spring 
  of 
  1901 
  to 
  Fort 
  Vermilion, 
  latitude 
  58°, 
  April 
  26, 
  and 
  to 
  Fort 
  

   Simpson, 
  latitude 
  62°, 
  May 
  2. 
  East 
  of 
  Fort 
  Simpson 
  at 
  Southampton 
  

   Island, 
  in 
  Hudson 
  Bay, 
  this 
  same 
  spring 
  the 
  first 
  snow 
  geese 
  were 
  not 
  

   seen 
  until 
  thirty-three 
  days 
  later 
  — 
  June 
  1 
  — 
  while 
  to 
  the 
  westward, 
  at 
  

   Point 
  Barrow, 
  Alaska, 
  more 
  than 
  500 
  miles 
  farther 
  north, 
  the 
  first 
  

   lesser 
  snow 
  geese 
  arrive 
  just 
  about 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  as 
  at 
  Fort 
  Simpson. 
  

   The 
  lesser 
  snow 
  geese 
  that 
  reach 
  their 
  breeding 
  grounds 
  by 
  way 
  of 
  

   Alaska 
  probably 
  winter 
  at 
  least 
  800 
  miles 
  farther 
  north 
  than 
  those 
  

   of 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  Valley, 
  and 
  spring 
  opens 
  on 
  the 
  Pacific 
  coast 
  much 
  

   earlier 
  than 
  in 
  the 
  interior. 
  

  

  The 
  most 
  northern 
  records 
  of 
  the 
  lesser 
  snow 
  goose 
  are 
  on 
  Banks 
  

   Land, 
  where 
  it 
  arrived 
  at 
  Princess 
  Royal 
  Islands, 
  latitude 
  73°, 
  May 
  31, 
  

  

  