﻿70 
  ttORTH 
  AMEBICAN 
  DUCKS, 
  GEESE, 
  AND 
  SWANS. 
  

  

  the 
  principal 
  route 
  coincides 
  with 
  the 
  districts 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  species 
  is 
  

   most 
  common. 
  The 
  greater 
  number 
  pass 
  from 
  the 
  breeding 
  grounds 
  

   to 
  Great 
  Slave 
  Lake 
  and 
  Lake 
  Athabasca, 
  continue 
  south 
  to 
  central 
  

   and 
  western 
  Montana, 
  and 
  then 
  turn 
  southwest, 
  cross 
  the 
  Rocky 
  

   Mountains, 
  and 
  pass 
  to 
  central 
  and 
  southern 
  California. 
  

  

  Spring 
  migration. 
  — 
  Records 
  that 
  are 
  in 
  close 
  agreement 
  indicate 
  

   that 
  the 
  average 
  date 
  of 
  arrival 
  in 
  spring 
  at 
  Great 
  Falls, 
  Mont., 
  is 
  

   April 
  7,* 
  and 
  at 
  Columbia 
  Falls, 
  Mont., 
  April 
  8. 
  The 
  average 
  date 
  at 
  

   which 
  the 
  last 
  one 
  was 
  seen 
  in 
  central 
  Montana 
  is 
  April 
  24. 
  The 
  birds 
  

   were 
  noted 
  on 
  the 
  lower 
  Athabasca 
  River 
  May 
  31, 
  1903, 
  and 
  one 
  was 
  

   taken 
  May 
  25, 
  1865, 
  at 
  Fort 
  Anderson, 
  near 
  the 
  Arctic 
  coast. 
  The 
  

   latest 
  spring 
  records 
  are 
  of 
  its 
  occurrence 
  at 
  Lake 
  Athabasca, 
  June 
  3, 
  

   1903, 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  Kent 
  Peninsula, 
  Arctic 
  coast, 
  June 
  2, 
  1902. 
  

   The 
  record 
  of 
  one 
  taken 
  near 
  Camp 
  Harney, 
  Oreg., 
  April 
  12, 
  1876, 
  

   seems 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  only 
  one 
  for 
  that 
  State. 
  A 
  few 
  have 
  been 
  taken 
  in 
  

   southern 
  British 
  Columbia 
  at 
  Shuswap 
  Lake, 
  Kuper 
  Island, 
  and 
  the 
  

   mouth 
  of 
  the 
  Fraser 
  River; 
  one 
  was 
  taken 
  at 
  Fort 
  Keogh, 
  Mont., 
  

   April 
  25, 
  1892. 
  

  

  Fall 
  migration. 
  — 
  The 
  returning 
  flocks 
  have 
  been 
  recorded 
  at 
  Great 
  

   Slave 
  Lake, 
  September 
  1, 
  1893, 
  at 
  Columbia 
  Falls, 
  Mont., 
  October 
  10, 
  

   1893, 
  and 
  at 
  Newport, 
  Cal. 
  , 
  November 
  10, 
  1900. 
  The 
  average 
  date 
  of 
  

   arrival 
  at 
  Columbia 
  Falls, 
  Mont., 
  is 
  October 
  15, 
  and 
  the 
  latest 
  date 
  

   October 
  28, 
  1896. 
  A 
  straggler 
  was 
  taken 
  at 
  Winnipeg, 
  Manitoba, 
  

   September 
  20, 
  1902. 
  

  

  Anser 
  albifrons 
  ( 
  Gmel. 
  ) 
  . 
  White-fronted 
  Goose. 
  

  

  The 
  typical 
  species 
  inhabits 
  Europe 
  and 
  Asia, 
  and 
  is 
  reported 
  as 
  

   having 
  been 
  taken 
  in 
  May 
  and 
  September 
  at 
  Angmagsalik 
  and 
  Tasin- 
  

   sak 
  in 
  eastern 
  Greenland. 
  

  

  Anser 
  albifrons 
  gambeli 
  (Hartl. 
  ). 
  American 
  White-fronted 
  Goose. 
  

  

  Breeding 
  range. 
  — 
  This 
  goose 
  breeds 
  on 
  the 
  shore 
  of 
  the 
  mainland 
  

   from 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  Yukon 
  around 
  the 
  north 
  side 
  of 
  Alaska 
  and 
  

   east 
  to 
  Lake 
  Beechey 
  on 
  Back 
  River; 
  also 
  coastwise 
  for 
  a 
  few 
  miles 
  

   back 
  in 
  northern 
  Mackenzie, 
  and 
  up 
  the 
  Yukon 
  at 
  least 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  Fort 
  

   Yukon. 
  The 
  birds 
  seen 
  by 
  Preble 
  at 
  Fort 
  Wrigley, 
  on 
  the 
  Macken- 
  

   zie, 
  July 
  23< 
  1904, 
  may 
  or 
  may 
  not 
  have 
  been 
  breeding; 
  a 
  few 
  nest 
  on 
  the 
  

   coast 
  of 
  northeastern 
  Asia 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Bering 
  Strait. 
  

  

  In 
  giving 
  the 
  above 
  range 
  no 
  mention 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  the 
  birds 
  that 
  breed 
  

   on 
  the 
  west 
  coast 
  of 
  Greenland, 
  where 
  the 
  species 
  is 
  not 
  uncommon. 
  

   It 
  is 
  evident 
  from 
  Labrador 
  and 
  Atlantic 
  coast 
  records 
  that 
  Greenland 
  

   birds 
  do 
  not 
  come 
  to 
  the 
  southwest; 
  hence 
  they 
  probably 
  go 
  to 
  the 
  

   southeast, 
  and 
  should 
  be 
  classed 
  as 
  European 
  birds. 
  

  

  Winter 
  range. 
  — 
  The 
  white-fronted 
  goose 
  winters 
  in 
  the 
  whole 
  south- 
  

   ern 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  and 
  south 
  to 
  Cuba 
  and 
  northern 
  Mexico. 
  

  

  