EVIDENCE. EFFECTS ON NATIVE BIRDS. 271 



Frankfort. Charles Burineister : It molests and drives away the bluebird, chicka- 

 dee, and wren. It has been observed that four or live Sparrows would attack one 

 little bluebird, and by force of numbers put the solitary bird to flight. (October 12. 

 18S6. Present about five years.) 



Hillsdale. Ira B. Card : The martins return in large numbers once or twice a year 

 and try to reclaim former nesting sites, but fail ingloriously in every battle. The 

 Sparrow drives off the robin, bluebird, gray bird, blue jay, and all other native birds. 

 There is nothing left but the filthy Sparrow and his dirt. (October 6, 1885. Present 

 twelve years.) 



Hudson. A. II. Boies : I have observed severe battles between English Sparrows 

 and bluebirds, martins, and some of our smaller birds. (1885.) 



Kalamazoo. Dr. Morris Gibbs : Many species are bothered by the Sparrow, and all 

 make more or less resistance, but generally with little success. The bluebird, robin, 

 and martin attempt to reclaim former nesting sites ; the bluebird gives the best fight, 

 and the robin does fairly well, but the Sparrow drives all out. (November 23, 1886. 

 Present nine or ten years.) 



Hears (country.) George Wyckoff : It drives off the eave swallow and bluebird. 

 The latter will fight the Sparrow, but as the odds are always against it, sometimes 

 five to one, it has to give up. (October 7/1886. Present about three years.) 



Mount Clemens (country). Juo. B. Leonardsou : My bird-houses contained about 

 seventy pairs of martins; now all are gone. Bluebirds once lived on my cornice 

 brackets with the phcebe, but they have been driven away, as have also the barn 

 sw^allow and ground-bird. (August 29, 1886. Present three years.) 



Owosso. A. Lee Williams: It is confined to the city, and as yet does not clash 

 much with our native birds, except with swallows and martins, which I think it will 

 in time drive off. (September 2, 1886. Present about ten years.) 



Petersburg (country). Jerome Trombley: The house wren attacks the Sparrow 

 and usually comes off victorious. (August 23, 1886. Present about nine years.) 



Saline (country). Norman A. Wood: I know several instances in which house 

 wrens and martins have successfully reclaimed their nesting sites. Last spring a 

 Sparrow had a nest commenced in a bird-house occupied the year before by a bluebird. 

 The bluebird pitched the nest out, and finally occupied the box. The Sparrow molests 

 and drives off the Baltimore oriole, robin, chipping sparrow, purple grackle, and yel- 

 lowbird. (September 6, 1886. Present about six years.) 



Saranac. M. S. Lord : I have noticed that flycatchers and the tree sparrow are 

 molested and driven away. (October 8, 1886. Present seven years.) 



Sault de Ste. Marie. William S. Shaw: I have seen swallows fight with them until 

 they fell to the ground. In one case the swallows drove them off their nest. (October 

 11, 1886. Present three years.) 



Schoolcraft. P. D. Miller : It drives off the robin, bluebird, swallow, martin, and 

 chippy. I have watched their actions with the robin and chippy in my yards. Three 

 or four years ago I had a good many nests of the chippy in my yard, but this year T 

 do not think they were able to nest there at all. The English Sparrows destroy their 

 eggs. (October 11, 1886. Present about nine years.) 



Tecumseh. C. A. Wright and C. A. Story: Robins and crow blackbirds seem to be 

 the only ones that can hold their own against the Sparrow. (October 11, 1886. Pres- 

 ent seven years.) 



Thornville. Dr. John S. Caulkius : A pair of Sparrows last summer drove out a pair 

 of barn swallows from their nest (occupied by them for two or three previous seasons) 

 and took it for their own. The swallows attempted to reclaim their nest, but failed. 

 The Sparrows returned to the nest again this summer, and raised their young there. 

 They begin to build and lay sooner than any of our native birds. (August 14, 1886. 

 Present four years. ) 



Mississippi.— Columbus. D. C. Hodo : The bee mart'in and house martin resist the 

 encroachments of the Sparrow, and attempt to drive it off, but the Spaarow holds the 



